Martyrs of the Anabaptist Movement

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Felix Manz is drowned in the Limmat . Illustration from the 17th century.

Around 1,000 historically recorded Anabaptists , referred to by their opponents as Anabaptists or Anabaptists , lost their lives as martyrs of the Anabaptist movement in the 16th and 17th centuries because of their religious convictions .

background

The radikalreformatorisch - Christian movement of the Baptist originated in the second quarter of the 16th century in various parts of Europe. Important concepts of the early Anabaptists were following Christ , the Church as brotherhood, and non-violence. They based their thinking and behavior entirely on the literal interpretation of the New Testament ( sola scriptura ), which was also expressed in their understanding of the sacrament ( baptism of believers , Lord's Supper ). In addition, there were demands for freedom of belief , for separation of church and state , for community of property and for segregation (community of believers).

Violent persecution of the Anabaptists soon set in , with the harshest measures such as expulsion, torture and murder. Anabaptists were deprived of their property, expelled from the country, and sold into slavery . Only a few sovereigns granted the Anabaptists - often only temporarily - protection.

The legal basis for the persecution of Anabaptists in the 16th and 17th centuries was formed by the so-called Anabaptist mandate , which was passed in 1529 at the Speyer Diet . The Augsburg Confession of the Lutheran churches , which is still valid, legitimized the persecution by expressly condemning the Anabaptists. The respective sovereigns and equally the Roman Catholic Church , the Lutheran and Reformed clergy were involved in the persecution .

The victims

Excerpt from the martyrs table of the history book of the Hutterite Brothers

The first martyrs of the Anabaptist movement included Eberli Bolt , Hans Krüsi (also known as Hans Nagel) and Felix Manz , who was drowned on January 5, 1527 in the Limmat near Zurich . Other well-known martyrs were Balthasar Hubmaier , Jörg Blaurock and Michael Sattler .

The Mennonite Martyrs Mirror lists around 800 Anabaptist martyrs by name. The history book of the Hutterite Brothers describes many individual fates of Anabaptist martyrs on around 670 pages and contains a so-called martyrs panel .

Anabaptist research assumes that the number of victims documented in the scriptures must be at least doubled. The Anabaptist researcher Wolfgang Krauss speaks of an “ecclesiocide” with regard to the extent of the martyrdom suffered by the Anabaptists.

The torture tablet in the history book of the Hutterite Brothers

The so-called martyr tablet listed in the history book of the Hutterite Brothers contains the entry as a side note: "Martyr tablet, as God has testified to his truth in blood in all corners of Germany and brought it to light". The numbers of Anabaptist martyrs of the 16th century are listed here, along with the region and the places.

region places Baptist martyrs overall
Bohemia Prague (11) 11
Hungary Kirchschlag (3), Loren (3), Nusel (2) 8th
Moravia Brno (4), Znojmo (7), Olomouc (4) 15th
Austria Vienna (23), Neustadt (2), Kreuzenstein (6), Melk (3), Grein (1), Lembach (45), Mödling (4), Pöggstall (1), Ybbs (1), Krems (3), Behemskirch (2), Ottental (4), Puttehofen (4), Feldsberg (1), Falkenstein (5) 105
Land above the Enns Mathausen (1), Gmünden (2), Enns (1), Kropfhall (2), Steyr (30), Wels (10), Fesselspruck (4), Grametsteten (3), Freynstadt (10), Falkendorf (1), Vöcklabruck (8), Weißenburg (2), Linz (72) 146
Bavaria Munich (9), Rosenheim (1), Aibling (3), Wasserburg (1), Mühldorf (5), Ötting (7), Landshut (5), Lampach (22), Burckhausen (7), Riedt (4), Schärding (3), Passau (2), Filzhofen (1), Meermeß (1), Ingolstadt (2), Nüneburg (3), Julbach bei Braune (1), Freyburg (2) 79
Styria Graz (7), Bruck an der Mur (12), Huntzmarkt (1), Grichsbach (5) 25th
Carinthia Sankt Veit (7), Kemeten (3), Göppingen (5), Wolfsburg (3) 18th
Val Pusteria Silgen (3), Taufers (1), St. Lorenzen (11), Kyens (5), Schöneck (4), Michelsberg (24) 48
Etschland Brixen (16), Clausen (7), Kaltern (4), Kuntersweg (9), Bozen (11), Neumarkt (9), Terlen (3), Sterzing (30), Gufidaun (19), Roteneck (4), Schlanders (1), Trient (1) 114
Salzburg Salzburg (38), Titmonig (4), Berchtesgaden (18), Marklibat (2), Kuchel im Kucheltal (3), Appenau (1) 66
Inn Valley Kopfstein (16), Rattenberg am Inn (71), Schwaz (20), Hall (2), Innsbruck (8), Landteck (1), Kitzbühel (68), Stams (3), Petersberg (2), Imst (8 ), Redwood (1) 200
Franconia Ansbach (1), Bamberg (1), Kitzingen (20), Frankenhausen (1), Fehelspruck (3), Würzburg (10) 34
Swabia Augsburg (2), Landsberg (19), Laugingen (2), Tillingen (2), Höchstätt (2), Weißenhorn (1), Zusmarshausen (8), Nördlingen (1), Schwäbisch Gmünd (7), Mantelhof (20) , Kaufbeuren (5), Sundhofen (1), Wardhausen (1), Günzburg (6), Reuten (1) 78
Markgräflerland Baden (20), Pforzheim (2), Pretheim (9), Durlach (12), Bruchsal (1), Pühel (2), Gersbach (1) 47
Württemberg Urach (1), Esslingen (3), Illingen (10), Schorndorf (1), Tübingen (5), Weil (2), Stuttgart (2), Rottenburg am Neckar (13), Rothenburg ob der Tauber (24), Herrenberg (12), Schlüsselfeld (1), Stätz (18), Deutschnofen (1), Ulmerfeld (2), Waldshut (5), Wilhelmsbruck (1), Weiden (3), Königsberg (3), Kirch an der Eck ( 1) 108
Electoral Palatinate Alzey (350) 350
Rheinstrom Speyer (1), Kislach (1), Pühelsberg (1) 3
Netherlands Aurea (1), Andorf (5), Lagrenzen (1), Brussels (2), Aachen (5) 14th
Hesse Fulda (18) 18th
Alsace Ensisheim (600), Mühlhausen (17) 617
Switzerland Zurich (16), Basel (3), Bern (1), Schwyz (5), Appenzell (1), Konstanz am Bodensee (3), Walza (11), Ettach (1), Baden (3) 44
Welschland Venice (3), Laffern (3), Lechensteg (4) 10

List of Baptist Martyrs (selection)

The following list of Anabaptist martyrs gives historically documented dates of people of the Anabaptist movement who lost their lives because of their beliefs in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of them remained unknown; Written certificates are available for others. In addition to chronological information - if known - the respective type of execution, the place of execution and its current denominational majority are also given.

date Surname place Area
(ev./cath.) 		Hinrichtungs-
art 		comment source


March 9, 1524 Klaus Hottinger Lucerne cath. beheaded Hottinger, known as one of Zurich's first iconoclasts, Anabaptist avant la lettre (Proto- Baptist ) Arnold C. Snyder: The Birth and Evolution of Swiss Anabaptism, 1520-1530. In: Mennonite Quarterly Review 80 (2006), pp. 501-645.
May 29, 1525 Eberli Bolt Schwyz cath. burned also Hyppolit Eberle called Andrea Strübind: More zealous than Zwingli. The early Anabaptist movement in Switzerland , Berlin 2003
July 27, 1525 Hans Krüsi Lucerne cath. burned Krüsi is considered one of the early martyrs of the Anabaptist movement. Andrea Strübind: More zealous than Zwingli. The early Anabaptist movement in Switzerland , Berlin 2003
January 5, 1527 Felix Manz Zurich
( Limmat ) 		possibly drowned There is a memorial plaque at the height of the execution site. Ekkehard Krajewski: Life and death of the Zurich Anabaptist leader Felix Mantz , Kassel, 1962
February 8, 1527 Georg Wagner Munich cath. burned Wagner also sees Lutheranism as "his" martyr and lists him in his memory calendar. Ludwig Keller:  Wagner, Georg . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 499 f .; GAMEO ; Accessed April 6, 2013
May 21, 1527 Michael Sattler Rottenburg am Neckar cath. burned Michael Sattler was Margaretha Sattler's husband. Elisabeth Schröder-Kappus / Wolfgang Wagner: Michael Sattler. A martyr in Rottenburg (1490–1527) , Tübingen 1998
24 (?) May 1527 Margaretha Sattler Rottenburg am Neckar cath. drowned Margaretha Sattler was Michael Sattler's wife. Elisabeth Schröder-Kappus / Wolfgang Wagner: Michael Sattler. A martyr in Rottenburg (1490–1527) , Tübingen 1998
1528 Johannes Brötli unknown - burned Entry in the martyr's mirror : Hans Pretle James M. Stayer : Reublin and Brötli: The Revolutionary Beginnings of Swiss Anabaptism . In: Marc Lienhard (Ed.): The Origins and Characteristics of Anabaptism . The Hague 1977. pp. 83-102
January (?) 1528 Leonhard Dorfbrunner Passau cath burned - Christian Hege, Christian Neff: Article Dorfbrunner, Leonhard , in: Mennonitisches Lexikon , Volume 4, Frankfurt & Weierhof 1913
January 7, 1528 Augustin Perwanger Munich cath. beheaded Augustin Perwanger was a nobleman from Günzlhofen and brother of Christoph Perwanger . It is a matter of dispute whether he recalled before his execution to avoid the stake. Toni Drexler: The Perwanger of Günzlhofen and Vogach. Hofmarksherren, Anabaptists and Canons at the turn of the modern era , in: Amperland magazine . Local history quarterly for the districts of Dachau, Freising and Fürstenfeldbruck , 41st and 42nd year / 2005 and 2006, Dachau 2006, p. 279 ff.
January 7, 1528 Christoph Perwanger Munich cath. beheaded Christoph Perwanger was a nobleman from Günzlhofen and brother of Augustin Perwanger . It is a matter of dispute whether he recalled before his execution to avoid the stake. Toni Drexler: The Perwanger of Günzlhofen and Vogach. Hofmarksherren, Anabaptists and Canons at the turn of the modern era , in: Amperland magazine . Local history quarterly for the districts of Dachau, Freising and Fürstenfeldbruck , 41st and 42nd year / 2005 and 2006, Dachau 2006, p. 279 ff.
January 14, 1528 Leonhard Schiemer Rattenberg cath. beheaded Schiemer wrote the martyr's song delicious is the holy death Report of a stranger in the Martyr's Mirror about Schiemer's martyrdom
January 30, 1528 Elise Koch Bamberg cath. burned Elise Koch was executed with two men and two other women. Short biography with Andreas Fischer
February 4, 1528 Hans Schlaffer black cath. beheaded Schlaffer was also a hymn poet of the Anabaptist movement. The songs Ungnad Desire ich nit von dich ( Ausbund , Nr. 30) and Lord God, my eternal Father come from him Robert Friedmann: Schlaffer, Hans (d. 1528) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
February 6, 1528 Ambrosius Spittelmayr Cadolzburg beheaded - Herbert C. Klassen: Spittelmayr, Ambrosius (1497–1528) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
March 10, 1528 Balthasar Hubmaier Vienna cath. burned Hubmaier is also known as Waldshut's reformer . His wife was drowned three days after he was martyred. Bernd Moeller:  Hubmaier, Balthasar. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-428-00190-7 , p. 703 ( digitized version ).
March 13, 1528 Elsbeth Hügline Vienna cath. drowned Her husband, Balthasar Hubmaier, was burned to death three days before she was martyred . Bernd Moeller:  Hubmaier, Balthasar. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-428-00190-7 , p. 703 ( digitized version ).
April 25, 1528 Hans Leupold augsburg possibly beheaded - Hans Guderian: The Anabaptists in Augsburg. Their history and their legacy. A contribution to the 2000 year celebration of the city of Augsburg . Ludwig, Pfaffenhofen 1984, ISBN 3-7787-2063-5
May 11, 1528 Eitelhan's long coat Weissenhorn cath. beheaded Ancestor of Thomas Jefferson Ludwig Keller:  Long coat, Eitelhans . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 17, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1883, p. 670 f.
May / June (?) 1528 Wolfgang Ulimann Forest lake cath. beheaded Ulimann was beheaded together with 10 other Anabaptists. Their wives were drowned and their children were expelled. Samuel Geiser: Ulimann, Wolfgang (d.1528) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
June 13, 1528 Martin Burkhard Kaufbeuren cath. beheaded Burkhard was executed together with other members of the Kaufbeurer Anabaptist community, of which he was the head. Otto Hege: Burkhard, Martin (d.1528) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
September 5, 1528 Jakob Falk Zurich
(Limmat) 		possibly drowned - Urs B. Leu / Christian Scheidegger (eds.): Die Zürcher Anabapters 1525–1700 , Zürich 2007, p. 50
September 5, 1528 Heini Reimann Zurich
(Limmat) 		possibly drowned - Urs B. Leu / Christian Scheidegger (eds.): Die Zürcher Anabapters 1525–1700 , Zürich 2007, p. 50
1529 Wolfgang Brandhuber Linz cath. ? (beheaded or burned) Brandhuber was executed together with Hänslin Mittermeier and 75 other Anabaptists. Christian Hege: Brandhuber, Wolfgang (d. 1529) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
1529 Hänslin Mittermeier Linz cath. ? (beheaded or burned) Mittermeier was executed together with Wolfgang Brandhuber and 75 other Anabaptists. Christian Hege: Mittermaier, Hans (d. 1529) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
February 4, 1529 Ludwig Hätzer Constancy possibly beheaded Hätzer is considered to be one of the first German-speaking anti - Trinitarians of the Reformation period. Kurt Guggisberg:  Hätzer, Ludwig. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1966, ISBN 3-428-00188-5 , p. 455 ( digitized version ).
February 8 (?) 1529 Philipp Schwitzer Lucerne cath. washed up - Willy Brändli: Anabaptist trials in Lucerne in the XVI. Century . In: ZWINGLIANA , Volume VIII / Heft 2, 1944 / No. 2, p. 65ff
September 6, 1529 Jörg Blaurock Klausen cath. burned Blaurock, a former Roman Catholic priest, is considered the first " Anabaptist " of the Anabaptist movement. Fritz Jecklin: Jörg Blaurock from the Jacob family. An Anabaptist martyr , Graubünden 1891
December 7, 1529 Martin Zehentmayer Schwäbisch Gmünd cath. beheaded Six other Anabaptists were executed along with Zehentmayer. Peter Hover: The Secret of Strength. What would the Anabaptists Tell This Generation? (PDF, English; 3.6 MB) o. O. 2008, p. 47ff
January 18, 1530 Barbara Unger Reinhardsbrunn ( Thuringia ) possibly burned? by the sword? Unger was murdered together with Andreas Kolb, Katharina Kolb, Christoph Ortlep, Katharina König and Elsa Kuntz. Christian Hege and Christian Neff : Reinhardsbrunn (Thuringia, Germany) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
January 20, 1530 Konrad Winkler Zurich
(Limmat) 		possibly drowned - Urs B. Leu / Christian Scheidegger (eds.): Die Zürcher Anabapters 1525–1700 , Zürich 2007, p. 50
March 26, 1530 Gall fisherman Nürtingen cath. beheaded The Reformation was only introduced in Nürtingen in 1535. At the time of Fischer's execution, the city was still Catholic. Christian Hege : Fischer, Gall (d.1530) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
March 30, 1530 Augustin Bader Stuttgart cath. beheaded - Anselm Schubert: Anabaptism and Kabbalah. Augustin Bader and the Limits of the Radical Reformation. Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 978-3-579-05372-1
March 20, 1531 Sikke Snyder Leeuwarden cath. beheaded The execution took place in front of the Leeuwarden chancellery. Church history page in Plautdietsch ; (accessed March 8, 2009)
December 5, 1531 Jan Folkertsz Trypmaker The hague cath. beheaded Trypmaker was executed with seven other Anabaptists. Nanne van der Zijpp: "Jan Volkertsz Trypmaker (d. 1531), in: "Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online , 1957; accessed March 8, 2011
March 23, 1532 Heini Karpfis Zurich
(Limmat) 		possibly drowned - Urs B. Leu / Christian Scheidegger (eds.): Die Zürcher Anabapters 1525–1700 , Zürich 2007, p. 50
March 23, 1532 Hans Herzog Zurich
(Limmat) 		possibly drowned - Urs B. Leu / Christian Scheidegger (eds.): Die Zürcher Anabapters 1525–1700 , Zürich 2007, p. 50
February 1, 1535 Johann Klopreis Bruehl (Rhineland) cath. burned - Roland Böhm:  Klopreis (Cloprys, Klopriss), Johann. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 4, Bautz, Herzberg 1992, ISBN 3-88309-038-7 , Sp. 78-79.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
February 25, 1536 Jakob Hutter innsbruck cath. burned The Hutterites were named after him. Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz:  Huter, Jakob. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 2, Bautz, Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-032-8 , Sp. 1218-1221.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
January 24, 1539 Anna Jansz Rotterdam drowned Jansz wrote Ick hoorde de Basuyne blasen . The 18th song in the formation describes their fate. C. Arnold Snyder, Linda A. Hubert Hecht: Profiles of Anabaptist Women: Sixteenth-Century Reforming Pioneers. Waterloo, Ontario 1996. pp. 336-351.
January (?) 1542 Andreas Fischer Krásnohorské Podhradie cath. fallen from a wall It was a wall of the Krásna Hôrka castle Martin Rothkegel: Fischer, Andreas. In: Mennonite Lexicon . Volume 5 (MennLex 5).
June 24, 1545 Hans Bluetl Ried im Innkreis cath burned The song From Zeal to Divine Honor was composed about the martyrdom of Blüetl . GAMEO ; accessed on December 22, 2013
Fall 1546 Oswald Glait Vienna
(Danube) 		cath. drowned The hymn you young and old, now hear the poem thematized his martyrdom. Johann Loserth and Robert Friedmann: Glait, Oswald (d. 1546) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
1548 Fritz Erbe Eisenach
south tower of the Wartburg 		possibly died in prison for many years Fritz Erbe's remains were found in September 2006. Christian Neff: Erbe, Fritz (d. 1548) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
1557 Gerrit Hazenpoet Nijmegen / Netherlands cath. burned The cost of his capture, detention and execution have been meticulously documented. Martyr's Mirror , Vol II
March 5, 1558 Thomas von Imbroich Cologne cath. beheaded Imbroich was one of the first Mennonites in the Rhineland. Ludwig Keller:  Thomas von Imbroich . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 38, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, pp. 73 f.
July 19, 1560 Claus Felbiger Landshut cath. beheaded - mennonews.de
July 19, 1560 Hans Leitner Landshut cath. beheaded - mennonews.de
1561 Georg shopkeeper in the Rhine ? cath. drowned Shopmaker was a song poet of the Anabaptist movement.
May 16, 1569 Dirk Willems Asperen / NL - burned - Article Dirk Willems in Märtyrerspiegel
October 20, 1571 Hans Haslibacher Bern possibly beheaded The so-called Haslibacher song comes from him Hanspeter Jecker: Haslibacher, Hans. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
January 4, 1576 John Bret Antwerp possibly burned The cremation took place after eight months in prison. Shortly beforehand, his tongue was fastened to his lower jaw with a screw to prevent him from preaching. Dieter Götz Lichdi: The Mennonites in the past and present , p. 80
July 19, 1597 Anneken van den Hove near Brussels cath. buried alive - Nanne van der Zijpp: Anneken vanden Hove (d. 1597) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online (English)
September 30, 1614 Hans Landis Zurich possibly beheaded Landis composed the song : I made a beautiful new song . He is considered the last Anabaptist martyr in Switzerland . Hans Ulrich Bächtold: Landis, Hans. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

Historical representations - copper engravings by Jan Luykens (selection)

Historical reappraisal and commemoration

In addition to the history book of the Hutterite Brothers , the Märtyrerspiegel ( The Bloody Scene - or Martyrs Mirror of the Baptized or Defenseless Christians .. ) written by Thieleman van Braght in Amsterdam in 1684 is one of the books that have preserved the memory of the Anabaptist martyrs for centuries. “Besides the Bible, no other book has preserved and strengthened the Mennonites […] in their faith more” than this book. The second edition of the Martyr's Mirror , to which 104 copperplate engravings by the well-known Mennonite artist Jan Luyken were added, was particularly appreciated . More recently, the memorial book Martyrs fates by John S. Oyer and Robert S. Kreider has been published, which is essentially based on the older chronicles mentioned, but supplements and in some cases also corrects its biographical articles with more recent research results.

On the occasion of the Anabaptist Year 2007, representatives of the Reformed Church of Switzerland asked the descendants of the Anabaptist movement for forgiveness. In July 2010, the Lutheran World Federation also apologized at its general assembly in Stuttgart for the brutal suppression, persecution and killing of Mennonites in the 16th and 17th centuries, which then happened with the approval of the reformer Martin Luther .

As part of the theme year “Reformation and Tolerance” in the run-up to the 500th anniversary of the posting of the theses , the murder of six Anabaptists in the former Reinhardsbrunn monastery in Thuringia on January 18, 1530 was remembered on January 18, 2013 . After a penance service with Bishop Ilse Junkermann and the Thuringian Minister of Education, Christoph Matschie , a memorial stele was unveiled in Reinhardsbrunn to commemorate the political and religious persecution of the Anabaptist movement .

Monuments and museums

See also

literature

  • Peter Hover: Baptism by Fire. The radical life of the Anabaptists - a provocation . Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-935992-23-7
  • John S. Oyer, Robert S. Kreider: Martyrs fates. Accounts of 16th century Anabaptists who gave their lives for their faith . 1st edition. Lage (Lippe) 2002, ISBN 3-933828-84-8
  • Peter Burschel : Dying and Immortality. On the culture of martyrdom in the early modern period . Munich 2004, ISBN 3-486-56815-9

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See excerpt from Märtyrerspiegel (English) viewed on February 22, 2009
  2. ↑ Cf. Bender: The Anabaptist Vision ( Memento of the original from June 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (1944). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mcusa-archives.org
  3. ↑ Martyrs . In: Christian Hege , Christian Neff (ed.): Mennonite Encyclopedia , . tape  III . Self-published, Karlsruhe 1958, p. 47 .
  4. ↑ a b Rudolf Wolkan (Ed.): History book of the Hutterite Brothers . Vienna 1923. In the preceding register of the book there is a chronological compilation of the fates of the Anabaptists described on pp. XXXII ff. on pages 182–184 there is a tablet of the martyrs from 1527 to 1544.
  5. ↑ Wolfgang Krauss: Do not let anyone in. Are we canceling the manure concession after 350 years? ( Memento of the original from September 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 92 kB) p. 3; accessed on January 1, 2010. Krauss speaks of "Ekklesiozid" (= church murder) in parallel to "genocide" (= genocide) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / lesbar.down-to-earth.de
  6. ↑ Rudolf Wolkan (Ed.): History book of the Hutterite Brothers . Vienna 1923, p. 182.
  7. ↑ The torture tablet can also be found printed in Michael Holzach : The forgotten people. One year with the German Hutterites in Canada , Hamburg 1980, ISBN 3-455-08844-9 (as paperback: dtv 30008, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-423-30008-6 ), pp. 244–246 (appendix)
  8. ↑ For example: Martyrs mirror of the baptized ( memento of the original from July 26th 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 19.2 MB) accessed on February 27, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bitimage.dyndns.org
  9. ↑ to Ascension - The information about the year of execution vary. 1528 is given in various sources. In the historiography of Waldsee the execution is fixed at 1530. Cf. JDG Memminger: Description of the Oberamt Waldsee , 1884. P. 76.
  10. ^ John S. Oyer / Robert S., Kreider: Martyrs fates. Accounts of 16th century Anabaptists who gave their lives for their faith . Lage (Lippe) 2002 (1st edition), p. 7
  11. ↑ Information about the events of the "Anabaptist Year 2007" ; accessed on February 22, 2009
  12. ↑ Lutherans reconcile with Mennonites. In: tagesschau.de. The ARD news. July 22, 2010, archived from the original on July 25, 2010 ; Retrieved December 22, 2013 .
  13. ^ Mennonews: Thuringia opens the theme year “Reformation and Tolerance” ; accessed on January 31, 2013