Common hazel root

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Common hazel root
Common hazel root (Asarum europaeum), illustration

Common hazel root ( Asarum europaeum ), illustration

Systematics
Magnoliids
Order : Peppery (Piperales)
Family : Aristolochiaceae (Aristolochiaceae)
Subfamily : Asaroideae
Genre : Hazel root ( asarum )
Type : Common hazel root
Scientific name
Asarum europaeum
L.

The Ordinary Haselwurz ( Asarum Europaeum ), also briefly Haselwurz called, is a plant that the family of aristolochiaceae belongs (Aristolochiaceae). It thrives in forests in large areas of Eurasia .

Naming

The common names European hazel root or just hazel root are often used for Asarum europaeum . Other names are also brown hazel root, hare poplar, witch smoke, azer, brech hazel herb, glandular herb, hazel monk, hazel munch, hazel mussel, hare's ear, hare's ear, hare poplar, hare's pepper, hazel, hazel herb, neoplasm, camphorwort, kidney root , Pepper leaves, pepper cabbage, scabbard, snake root, pig's ear, escalators, pointed hazel wörz, devil's claw, bird's cap, frankincense, wild nardus and wild pepper.

Other common or previously common names in German-speaking countries, some of them only regionally, are: Brechwurz ( Bern ), Haiselwurtz ( Old High German ), Hasalwurtz (Old High German), Haselbluoma (Old High German), Haselmünschach ( Zillerthal , Salzburg ), Haselmünschnich (Central German , Salzburg ), Haselmünsch (Salzburg), hazel mussel ( Pongau ), hazel mussels, hazelwort, hazel wort (Bern), hazel root, Hasenöhrlein ( Silesia ), Hasenwurz ( Middle High German ), Hasilwurz (Old High German), Haslewort ( Middle Low German ), Hasselnblatt ( Transylvania ), Hasselnürgen krott, Hasselwort (Transylvania) ), Hazelwort (Middle Low German), Wild Mausöhrlein, Wild Negelwurz (Middle High German), Wild Neghelken, Wild Neleken, Scheibelkraut ( Austria near Linz ) and Schwarzkrott (Transylvania).

In terms of folk etymology, the name "hazel root" , which was formed from the Greek-Latin loan word asarum in Old High German, was related, among other things, to the fact that the species often grows under hazelnut bushes . The botanical genus name Asarum means unbranched (Greek asaron = twigless), the specific epithet europaeum identifies it as the only species of the genus Asarum native to Europe , to which about 100 species belong.

Description and ecology

Bloom from the front; It is also easy to see that the whole plant (except for the upper side of the leaf) is hairy

The common hazel root grows as an evergreen, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches stature heights of only 5 to 10 centimeters. It forms a rhizome as a permanent organ. The above-ground parts of the plant are hairy. All parts of the plant smell intense, the rhizome smells like pepper. The stem axis is creeping, with two to three brownish- green lower leaves . The two evergreen, long-stalked leaves have a simple, rounded to kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaf blade that is usually shiny on the upper side, while the underside is usually hairy.

The flowers , which stand individually close to the ground, are jug-shaped and brown-red with three tips. The inflorescence consists of three intergrown, brown-purple bloom cladding sheets. They smell intensely of pepper . It has twelve stamens divided into two circles . The ovary is subordinate. The protogynous (pre-female) flowers often pollinate themselves. However, cross- pollination also occurs, it is carried out by insects. The six styluses have grown together to form a thick column of styluses with a six-pointed scar at the top. The stigma ripens before the stamens, which are bent far down in the not yet fully opened flower and almost touch the base of the flower. At this stage the scar is exposed. First, the stamens of the inner circle straighten up and always nestle close to the stigma between two lobes, whereby self-pollination can easily occur. Later the outer small stamens also bend up and fit below the stigma between the larger stamens. The now reached male phase of the flower causes its full opening and its perigone lobes incline outwards. The flowers simulate certain characteristics of mushrooms and attract mushroom mosquitoes, which ensure pollination (ecologically, they are therefore called “flies deceptive flowers”). The flowering period extends from March to May.

Common Hazel Root Pollen Grain (400 ×)

The six-lobed capsule fruits ripen in June and scatter the seeds in July to August. The seeds carry elaiosomes and are spread by ants ( myrmecochory ).

The chromosome number of the species is 2n = 26 or 40.

Distribution map

Occurrence

The distribution area includes Eurasia with a continental tendency to Siberia . In Europe, the areas range from southern Scandinavia to southern France , central Italy and Greece .

In Austria it is common in all federal states ( rather rare in Carinthia ).

Deciduous forests and bushes, floodplain and ravine forests on primarily calcareous, moist soils are preferred as locations . More precisely, it is herbaceous deciduous and mixed coniferous forests, especially Mull beech forests on brown soils . They also thrive in hazel hedges and ravine and riparian forests. The soil should be fresh to moist, rich in nutrients and mostly calcareous. The common hazel root is a clay and moisture indicator. Common companion plants of hazel root are, for example, forest brine , spring flat pea , daphne , nettle-leaved bellflower , almond-leaved milkweed and forest sanicle .

Locations and distribution in Central Europe

The common hazel root needs calcareous, nutrient-rich and rather moist than dry loam or clay soil with a pronounced layer of mulch. It contributes to loosening the soil itself.

It colonizes deciduous and mixed forests, but it also goes into floodplain forests and coniferous forests. She is a Fagetalia order character. In Central Europe it occurs scattered, but it often occurs at its locations in extensive, mostly loose, but in individual-rich stocks. Large “nests” can cover several square meters. It rises to over 1200 m in the Alps. In the Allgäu Alps it occurs in the Tyrolean part in the Höhenbachtal near Holzgau up to 1150 m above sea level.

Systematics

The genus Asarum was established in 1753 with the type species Asarum europaeum by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 442.

In Europe there are three subspecies of Asarum europaeum :

  • Asarum europaeum L. subsp. europaeum : leaves wider than long, blunt; Leaf underside hairy on the surface; Upper side of leaf with stomata, without papillae, shiny; Europe.
  • Asarum europaeum L. subsp. caucasicum (Duch.) Soó : leaves about as long as they are wide, pointed; Underside of leaf slightly hairy at most on the nerves, otherwise glabrous; Leaf upper side without stomata; Epidermis of the upper surface of the leaf papilous, matt. The chromosome number is 2n = 26. It occurs in Europe in France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia and Slovakia.
  • Asarum europaeum L. subsp. italicum Kukkonen & Uotila : leaves about as long as they are wide, pointed; Underside of leaf hairy to glabrous; Leaf upper side without stomata; The epidermis of the upper surface of the leaf is not papillary; Italy, Montenegro, Turkey

Pictures - botany

Common hazel root ( Asarum europaeum ):

  • Threefold bloom and the hairiness of the above-ground parts of the plant is easy to recognize.

  • Hidden in the foliage is the common hazel root, with its two round, kidney-shaped leaves.

  • Round, kidney-shaped leaves

Ingredients and usage

The leaves and roots of hazel root taste like pepper, the rhizome contains camphor-like, essential substances that irritate the mucous membrane, stimulate vomiting and sneezing and can trigger internal bleeding (gastroenteritis). The dried rhizomes were used as emetics until the 18th century. Later, in powdered form, they belonged to the variable range of ingredients in Schneeberger snuff. The drug is collected in August, the dried rhizome has the following names: Radix Asari, Radix Nardi rusticae, Radix Nardi sylvestrae and Rhizoma Asari.

The use of the rhizome in pharmacy is not recommended today, as its ingredients can lead to significant health impairments (see chapter Toxicity).

Toxicity

The whole plant is poisonous.

The main active ingredients are: The essential oil contained in it to 0.7–4% or the toxin asaron contained in it, which can be contained in the essential oil to 30–50%. Another active ingredient is the selinan derivative alpha- agarofuran .

In addition to plants that do not contain asarone, there are also those whose essential oil contains up to 90% trans- isoasarone or trans- isoeugenol or trans- isoelemicin .

With regard to the different composition of their essential oil, one can distinguish 4 different chemical races of Asarum europaeum in Europe.

Symptoms of poisoning are: burning in the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, gastroenteritis with diarrhea and uterine bleeding. In extreme cases, death can result from central respiratory paralysis.

When the rhizome is chewed, the oral cavity and tongue are temporarily numbed. The phenylpropane derivatives trans- isoasaron and trans- isoeugenol methyl ester are responsible for this .

The nausea is attributable to the essential oil.

history

The therapeutic indications given by Pedanios Dioscurides ( De materia medica ) and Pliny the Elder ( Naturalis historia ) largely agree. It is therefore believed that both drew from the same sources. On the basis of the doctrine of the elements, they interpreted the root of the “asarum” as a means of cleansing (“purgatio”) the body from inappropriate or spoiled juices.

Indications for Pedanios Dioskurides Indications for Pliny the Elder
Has a warming effect, biting the tongue
Is diuretic and good for water addicts With must it is diuretic and good against dropsy
Good for chronic sciatica
Purged with mead like white hellebore It purges the body like hellebore
Promotes menstrual bleeding Is good for the uterus
Has a breaking effect
Is good for upper abdominal complaints (praecordii), jaundice and liver disease

Galen attributed the same effect to "asarus" as to "acorus" : "Moves the urine and helps with hardening of the spleen". The “asarus” should work more intensely than the “acorus”.

The doctors of the Arab and Latin Middle Ages adopted the information on the effects and indications for "asarus" listed by Dioscurides, Pliny and Galen and classified it in the structure of the humoral doctrine as "hot and dry in the third degree". Avicenna also praised the use of the root to treat "corneal thickening" and to increase sperm cells.

In the 12th century Hildegard von Bingen judged the effectiveness of "asarus" to be more harmful than useful. In particular, she warned against its use in gynecology. And in the 16th century the theologian and doctor Otto Brunfels warned that "schlepseck" were selling hazel root to women as an abortion agent.

Hazel root, crushed or dissolved in vinegar, was praised in the 15th century by Nikolaus Frauenlob as a snuff and brace for "cleaning the head from too much moisture" and was recommended by William Cullen in the 18th century for colds, headaches and stubborn eye problems. As an inexpensive addition to the Ipecacuanha , which has been used therapeutically in Europe since the 18th century , hazel root was included in many official pharmacopoeias and listed in the Prussian Pharmacopoeia until the middle of the 19th century.

Veterinary medicine

In an Alsatian manuscript of the 15th century ( Cpg 226 ) it was recommended to give hazel root to cattle infected by epidemics. Hieronymus Bock confirmed this in his herbal book (1539), and he added that the shepherds, powdered and mixed with salt, presented the roots to their sheep, who suffer from wheezing and coughing, for licking. Joachim Camerarius the Younger announced in 1586 that some of them give the horses hazel root leaves to eat in May "so that they can clean themselves and become more courageous". At the end of the 17th century, Pierre Pomet (1694) and Nicolas Lémery (1699) reported that hazel root mixed with moist bran was prescribed in large quantities for worm infestation in horses ("farcin").

Sources for the history of hazel root medicinal uses

Historical illustrations

literature

  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria. Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer . Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder : The New Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Botany Medicinal Drugs, Active Ingredients Applications. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6 .
  • L. Roth, M. Daunderer, K. Kornmann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 6th revised edition. 2012, Nikol-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. 2nd revised edition. Volume 2, Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 1994/2000 , ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Heinrich Marzell : The hazel root (Asarum europaeum L.) in ancient medicine. A study on the history of a German medicinal plant. In: Sudhoffs Archiv 42, 1958, pp. 319-325.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 46 f., Online.
  2. ↑ Josef Domes: Notes on the pharmacology of hazel root. In: Würzburger medical historical reports 7, 1989, pp. 339–141; here: p. 339.
  3. ↑ Common hazel root. In: FloraWeb.de.
  4. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 325.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 438.
  6. ↑ Asarum europaeum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ PW Ball, JR Akeroyd: Asarum L. In: Flora europaea. 2nd Edition. 1, 1993, p. 87.
  8. ^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  9. ↑ a b E. Nardi (2009): Aristolochiaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Asarum data sheet
  10. ↑ Subspecies in Flora Europaea.
  11. ↑ Julius Berendes : Des Pedanius Dioskurides medicament theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book I, Cap. 9 (digitized version)
  12. ↑ Pliny. Naturalis historia . Book XXI, § 134 (Chapter LXXVIII) (digitized Latin) ( digitized edition Külb 1840–1864 German)
  13. ^ Galeni de simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus. Liber VI. (In: CG Kühn, Leipzig 1826, Volume 11, p. 840: Asarum (digitized) - p. 819: Acorus (digitized) )
  14. ^ Avicenna . Canon of Medicine . Edition Andrea Alpago, Basel 1556, Book II, p. 179 (digitized version)
  15. ↑ Ibn Al Jazzar : Liber de Gradibus Simplicium in the translation of Constantine the African , 11th century. In: Opera . Edition Basel 1536, p. 369 (digitized version)
  16. ↑ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 132r (digitized version )
  17. ↑ Ibn al-Baitar : Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya - translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, pp. 31–33 (digitized version )
  18. ↑ Hildegard von Bingen 12th century: Physica , Book I, Chapter 48. Edition: Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1148 (digitized version) - Herbert Reier (translation): Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 42: Hazel root is very warm and has a dangerous power in it that is to be feared. It is very violent and unsteady in nature, similar to a storm, because its warmth and danger lead to danger. So he leaves human nature in the lurch more than it benefits it. If it is given to a person who is “looking” or “ridden” or who is “condemned”, it will only cause him greater pain. If a pregnant woman eats them, she will either die or abort her body at risk. Or if she is currently not on her period, she will feel even more pain.
  19. ^ Bernhard Schnell , William Crossgrove: The German> Macer <. Vulgate version. With the imprint of the Latin Macer Floridus> De viribus herbarum <. Issued critically. Tübingen: Niemeyer 2003, Chapter 49 - Heidelberg Cpg 226 , collection of recipes as well as astronomical and medical treatises - Alsace, 1456–1469, sheet 196v – 197r (digitized version )
  20. ^ Gabriel von Lebenstein , 14./15. (After Eis / Vermeer 1965, p. 72, 73.) - Clm 5905 , 2nd half of the 15th century, sheet 56r (digital copy )
  21. ^ Nikolaus Frauenlob , herb book, 15th century. Cpg 666, Südwestdeutschland 1478, sheet 115v – 116r (digital copy ) - Cpg 683, Mattighofen, 1482–1486, sheet 29v (digital copy )
  22. ↑ Cpg 226 , collection of recipes and astronomical and medical treatises, Alsace, 1456–1469, sheet 125r (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Herbarius moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Chapter 15 (digitized version)
  24. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit (Mainz 1485), Augsburg edition (Schönsperger) 1485, chapter 19 (digitized version)
  25. ↑ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, Book I, Chapter 47. (digitized version)
  26. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 58v (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Otto Brunfels . Contrafeyt Kreueterbuch. Strasbourg 1532, p. 9 (digitized version)
  28. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter book. Strasbourg 1539, Book I, Chapter 20 (digitized version)
  29. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch. Strasbourg 1543, Cap. 3 (digitized version)
  30. ^ Joachim Camerarius the Younger : Revision of the Dioscurides Commentary by Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, p. 8 D (Book I, Chapter IX) (digitized version)
  31. ↑ Pierre Pomet . Histoire générale des drogues, traitant des plantes, des animaux, & des mineraux .... Jean-Baptiste Loyson & Augustin Pillon Paris 1694, pp. 88–89 (digitized version )
  32. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples, contenant leurs noms, origines, choix, principes, vertus, étymologies, et ce qu'il ya de particulier dans les animaux, dans les végétaux et dans les minéraux , Laurent d'Houry, Paris , 1699 pp. 68-69 (digitalisat) - (German): Complete Materials Lexicon. Initially designed in French, but now after the third edition, enlarged by a large [...] translation into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern , Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721. (digitized version )
  33. ↑ Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely . Gaum, Ulm, Frankfurt and Leipzig 1755, Sp. 147–148 (digitized version )
  34. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. 2 volumes. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. - (German): Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, p. 482 Hazel root as sneezing agent (digitized version ) ; Pp. 527–528 Hazel root as emetic (digital version) ; P. 613 Hazel root as a diuretic (digital version)
  35. ^ Jean Louis Alibert : Nouveaux élémens de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris XII (1803/1804), Vol. I, pp. 249–250 (digitized version )
  36. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor. Camesius, Vienna, Volume I (1814), p. 623 (digitized version )
  37. ^ Görz (pharmacist) in: Christoph Heinrich Pfaff : System of the materia medica according to chemical principles . F. Chr. W. Vogel, Leipzig, Volume III (1814), pp. 229–233 (digitized version )
  38. ^ Jean Louis Lassaigne and H. Feneulle: Analysis of the racines d'Asarum . In: Journal de pharmacie et des sciences accessories . Paris, Volume 6 (1820), No. XII (December), pp. 561-565 (digitized version )
  39. ↑ Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , Heinrich Friedrich Link , Emil Osann , Karl Asmund Rudolphi (eds.): Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Medicinal Sciences , JW Boike, Berlin, Volume III (1829), pp. 479-481 (digitized version )
  40. ↑ Johann N. Gräger: Dissertatio inauguralis… de Asaro europaeo… Göttingen 1830 (digitized version )
  41. ↑ Régimbeau: In: Journal de pharmacie et des sciences accessories . Paris, Volume XIV (1828), p. 200 (digitized version)
  42. ↑ Johann Ignaz Hoppe: The nerve effects of remedies: therapeutic-physiological work , 4th issue, H. Bethmann, Leipzig 1857, pp. 120-124 (digitized version )
  43. ↑ Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt JB Henkel (translator): Handbook of poison theory for chemists, doctors, pharmacists and judges . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1862, part I General poison theory and the poisons of the plant kingdom , p. 481 (digitized version )
  44. ↑ August Husemann and Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 1034-1035 Hazel root camphor. Asarin. Asaron (digitized version ) ; P. 1161 Hazel Root Oil (digital version)
  45. ^ Theodor Husemann: Handbook of the entire drug theory. 2nd edition, Volume II, Springer, Berlin 1883, p. 589 (digitized version)
  46. ^ Pharmacopoeia Borussica. Cum Gratia et Privilegio Sacrae Regiae Majestatis. Georg Decker, Berlin 1799, p. 49: Radix Asari (digitized version) - Carl Wilhelm Juch. Pharmacopoea Borussica or Prussian Pharmacopoeia. Translated from Latin and accompanied by comments and additions by Dr. Carl Wilhelm Juch . Stein, Nürnberg 1805, p. 108: Radix Asari (digitized version)
  47. ↑ Carl Wilhelm Juch. Pharmacopoea Borussica or Prussian Pharmacopoeia. Translated from Latin and accompanied by comments and additions by Dr. Carl Wilhelm Juch , Stein - Nürnberg, Third revised edition 1817, p. 120: Radix Asari (digitized version)
  48. ↑ Prussian Pharmacopoeia. Fifth edition (1827). Translation of the Latin original CF Plahn - Berlin 1829, p. 18 (digitized version )
  49. ^ Friedrich Mohr Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia: together with a translation of the text ... , Friedrich Vieweg - Braunschweig. According to the sixth edition of the Pharmakcopoea borussica 1848/49 (digitized version )
  50. ↑ Friedrich Mohr Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia: along with a translation of the text… Friedrich Vieweg - Braunschweig 1865. After the seventh edition of the Pharmakcopoea borussica (digitized version )
  51. ↑ Pharmacopoea Germanica . R. von Decker - Berlin 1872, p. 271 (digitized version) - Hermann Hager : Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia Germanica . Julius Springer - Berlin, Volume II, 1874, pp. 568–569: Radix Asari (digitized version )
  52. ^ Hermann Hager: Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia Germanica, Edition II . Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, Volume 2, p. 843 (digitized version)
  53. ↑ Pharmacopoeia Collegii Regii Medicorum Edinburgensis . Regia Officina Librariae Academicae Gottingae 1735, p. 3: Asarum, Rad. Fol. (Digitized) ; P. 87: Pulvis cephalicus. Rp. Fol Asari, Rad. Lilii convall. Ana drachmas duas. Summit. Betonicae, Maioranae, Rosmarini ana sesquidrachmam. Misce, fiat pulvis. (Digitized version)
  54. ↑ Anthony Todd Thomson (1778-1849). The London dispensatory. 1st edition 1811, pp. 60–61: Folia asari: (digitized version ) ; P. 677: Pulvis Asari compositus (digitized version ) --- 11th edition 1852, pp. 167-168. Asarum: (digitized version)

Web links

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