Easter lush growth
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| Yuss. |
The aristolochiaceae (Aristolochiaceae) are a family in the order of the pepper-like (Piperales) within the flowering plant (Magnoliopsida). The approximately seven genera with around 500 species are distributed worldwide , except in the Arctic . The only Central European species are the common easter lousy and the common hazel root .
description
Vegetative characteristics
They are shrubs , lianas or perennial herbaceous plants . They grow upright on their own or often as a climbing plant . In some species, parts of the plant smell aromatic. There is initially superficial cork cambium . There can be secondary growth in thickness from a conventional cambium ring .
The alternate and spirally distributed leaves on the stem axis are mostly petiolate. The flat, membranous to herbaceous leaf blade is simple or divided. When the leaf blade is undivided it is often heart-shaped. If the leaf blade is divided then it is palmate, sometimes in three parts. The mostly dorsiventral or less often isobilateral leaf surface can be covered with glands. The leaf nerve is network-nerved and hand-shaped or pinnate-shaped. The stomata are anomocytic. There are no stipules , but sometimes the first one or two leaves of a branch look like stipules.
Inflorescence and flowers
The flowers are solitary or in lateral or terminal, simple or branched, zymous , racemose or spiked inflorescences .
The small to often large flowers are hermaphroditic and smell unpleasant in some taxa . The radial symmetrical to strongly zygomorphic flowers are threefold. The three-fold bracts are either designed as differently shaped sepals and petals or similar, sometimes there is only one bract circle. If there is only one bloom circle, then it is the calyx, which are bell-shaped or tubular. The calyx tube forms the S-shaped "kettle traps" typical of Aristolochia . The mostly four or six, sometimes twelve, rarely up to 36 fertile stamens are not fused with the bloom cladding.
The stamens are free from one another or they are fused with one another and with the gynoeceum to form a gynostemium . Sometimes no stamens can be seen and the dust bags are then seated. In some species the tetrasporangiaten anthers are related. The two-celled pollen grains have no or one to seven apertures and are sulcat. There are four to six, mostly full or, less commonly partially constant carpels present and usually a one- to sechskammerigen ovary grown. There are many bitegmic, crassinucellate ovules per carpel. There may be a discus .
Fruits and seeds
The rarely fleshy fruits are very diverse: mostly capsule fruits , more rarely berries , nut fruits or cleft fruits , with Saruma follicles . The seeds often have an oily endosperm . At seed maturity the embryo is rudimentary to weakly developed.
ingredients
Quercetin and sometimes kaempferol are always present in flavonols . Many types contain essential oils . Cells with essential oils are present in the leaves of some species . Some taxa are silicate body stored.
Plant parts contain the poisonous aristolochic acid , which is carcinogenic and nephrotoxic . It is the cause of the Balkan nephropathy .
Flower ecology
The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ). When "boiler traps" are formed are often Diptera (Diptera) is prevented by special hairs from exiting the S-shaped tube to the cup-pollination occurs. To attract the two-winged birds, the kettle traps of many easter flowers give off an unpleasant carrion odor . The often cloudy red or brown flower color is also used to imitate carrion or dung .
Systematics
This family was set up in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu under the name "Aristolochiae" in Genera Plantarum , pp. 72-73. Synonyms for Aristolochiaceae Juss. nom. cons. are Pistolochiaceae JBMull. and Sarumaceae Nakai .
The Aristolochiaceae are divided into two subfamilies with a total of about seven genera:
- Subfamily Asaroideae Kostel. , Syn . : Asaraceae Vent. : The basic chromosome numbers are x = 6, 12, 13, 18, 20, 26. It contains about three genera with over 100 species:
- Hazel root ( Asarum L. ): Up to 100 species are widespread in the northern hemisphere .
- Hexastylis Raf. (oftenincorporatedinto Asarum ): The tenor sospecies are common in North America .
- Saruma olive. : It contains only one type:
- Subfamily Aristolochioideae Kostel. (corresponds to the Aristolochiaceae s. str.): The basic chromosome numbers are x = mostly 6-7 (4- more than 8). It contains about four genera with up to 400 species:
- Pipe flowers ( Aristolochia L. ): It is distributed almost worldwide with around 300 species.
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Asiphonia handle. : It contains only one type:
- Asiphonia piperiformis handle. : It occurs in Malaysia .
- Pararistolochia (Hutch. & Dalziel) Hutch. & Dalziel : The approximately 18 species occur in tropical Africa and Malesia .
- Thottea Rottb. : The 25or sospecies are distributed from India to Myanmar , Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, and only one of them occurs in China.
swell
- The Aristolochiaceae family on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
- The Aristolochiaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
- Kerry Barringer, Alan T. Whittemore: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 . Aristolochiaceae - online with the same text as the printed work . (Section description)
- Shumei Huang, Lawrence M. Kelly, Michael G. Gilbert: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X . Aristolochiaceae. , P. 246 - online with the same text as the printed work . (Sections Description and Distribution)
- C. Neinhuis, S. Wanke, KW Hilu, K. Müller, T. Borsch: Phylogeny of Aristolochiaceae based on parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyzes of trnL-trnF sequences , In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 250, Numbers 1- 2, 2005, pp. 7-26. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-004-0217-0 .
- Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion flora from Germany. Volume 5. Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House. Berlin, Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c The family of the Aristolochiaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz.
- ^ National Academy of Science , 2007, 104, 12129-12134.
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ↑ Aristolochiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b The family of the Aristolochiaceae on the AP website .
