Rubus

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Rubus
Slit-leaved blackberry

Slit-leaved blackberry

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Rose-like (rosales)
Family : Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily : Rosoideae
Genre : Rubus
Scientific name
Rubus
L.

Rubus is a genus from the family of Rosaceae (Rosaceae). The genus includes several thousand species, the best known are blackberries and raspberries .

The fruits are characteristic of all Rubus species ; they are popular foods for humans and animals .

description

Rubus species are usually climbing or creeping, rarely upright shrubs or rarely perennial, herbaceous plants , which are almost always prickly in many parts, especially the stem axis . Mostly they are deciduous, only a few species are evergreen. The alternate, stalked leaves are connected pinnate, hand-shaped or foot-shaped or simple, but then lobed. The approach on the petiole sitting or at the junction of branch and leaf stem stipules are with each other but not grown more or less to the base of the petiole.

The very differently structured inflorescences are terminal, closed, elaborately branched or weakly or not branched, rarely strongly reduced, almost single to single. The usually five-fold flowers are mostly hermaphroditic; seldom they are unisexual, then the plants are dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ). The flower cup is cup or saucer-shaped. The green sepals, which are often uneven and lobed at the edges, lie on top of each other in scales. The usually five, rarely more or missing, petals are free; their colors range from white to pink to red.

The thin stamens are almost always numerous, as are the ingrown, thread-like and smooth or hairy pistils that sit on a ring-shaped elevation, the hypanthium . The mostly many free carpels sit on the convex flower base. The scars are heady or split. Usually only one of the two ovules develops.

The fruits, known colloquially as " berries ", are actually collective stone fruits . The outer skin of the individual stone fruits (the exocarp ) is black, red, orange, yellow or white, the pulp ( mesocarp ) is fleshy or juicy and the endocarp is hard and firm. The stone fruits hang together, occasionally so loosely that they separate when they fall off (with or without a fruit base). The seeds have a thin seed coat and very little endosperm .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14 or a multiple thereof, up to 2n = 98.

distribution

The genus is distributed almost worldwide and originally inhabited open locations and forests. Occasionally, species displaced by humans have developed into invasive plants .

Systematics

The genus is traditionally placed within the subfamily Rosoideae in the tribe Potentilleae. D. Potter et al. a. In 2007 they placed the family with the roses in the new Supertribus Rosodae without being assigned to a tribe during their revision .

The genus was divided into three major subgenera by W. O. Focke in 1888, namely the blackberries ( Rubus ), Malachobatus and Idaeobatus , as well as some other, mostly species-poor or monotypical subgenera; however, the classification is particularly in need of revision with regard to the small sub-genera. Without the species of the subgenus Rubus , the genus includes around 250 species. An overview of this subgenus with the actual blackberries around the collective species real blackberry ( Rubus fruticosus agg. ) And hazel leaf blackberry ( Rubus corylifolius agg. ) Turns out to be very difficult. Above all the former, the complex Rubus fruticosus / Rubus caesius , a group that consists of a smaller proportion of sexually reproducing, diploid and self-sterile species, but mostly of apomictically reproducing, polyploid species of hybrid origin, makes processing more difficult because the subgenus includes several thousand species. For Europe alone, 2,000 species or small species are described exist in Germany, around 400. So they make more than 10% of all angiosperms the German flora from.

etymology

The generic name Rubus is the old Latin name for blackberries. It is presumably derived from a reconstructed Indo-European root * reub- ( tear ), for example in the meaning of a shrub at which you tear yourself . A derivation from the Latin ruber ( red ) is also being considered.

Types (selection)

swell

literature

  • C. Kalkman: Rosaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 6: Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-06512-1 , pp. 369–370 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Lu Lingdi (Lu Ling-ti), David E. Boufford: Rubus. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 9: Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-14-8 , pp. 195 (English, online ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  2. ↑ D. Potter, T. Eriksson, RC Evans, S. Oh, JEE Smedmark, DR Morgan, M. Kerr, KR Robertson, M. Arsenault, TA Dickinson, CS Campbell: Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 266, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 5-43, doi : 10.1007 / s00606-007-0539-9 .
  3. ^ Heinrich E. Weber : Blackberries. In: Ökoportrait (NVN / BSH). Volume 39, September 2005, pp. 1–4 (PDF file; 170 kB) .
  4. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 545 limited preview in the Google book search.

Web links

Commons : Rubus  - collection of images, videos and audio files