Stone berry

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Stone berry
Stone berry with ripe fruits

Stone berry with ripe fruits

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Rose-like (rosales)
Family : Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily : Rosoideae
Genre : Rubus
Type : Stone berry
Scientific name
Rubus saxatilis
L.

The stone berry ( Rubus saxatilis ) is a species of the genus Rubus within the rose family (Rosaceae). It is common in the cool to temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . The fruits are used in classic Russian cuisine, among other things, in cake jelly . Similarly, one regionally known the cranberry as a stone berry.

description

Illustration from Axel Magnus Lindman: Bilder ur Nordens Flora , Stockholm, 1917–1926
Habitus, three-part pinnate leaves and inflorescence
Inflorescence with few flowers - the spread out, greenish sepals and the upright, white petals are easy to recognize

Appearance and leaf

The stone berry is a summer green, perennial herbaceous plant in which the above-ground parts are one or two years old, but then die at the latest. The plant is constantly renewing itself from the underground organs. The creeping shoot axes can reach lengths of up to 2 meters and take root. The stem-round, slender stem axes are greenish-brown. The sterile, creeping shoot axes have tiny, needle-like, soft and non-piercing spines , are sparsely hairy and sometimes have stalked glands. On these creeping shoot axes stand upright fertile shoot axes up to 30 centimeters high.

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The 2 to 3.5 centimeters long petiole is softly hairy and has tiny, needle-like spines. The hardly hairy leaf blade is usually composed of three pinnate leaves, rarely it is simple and divided. The lateral leaflets are almost sessile and the terminal leaflets are only 1 to 2 centimeters long. The egg-shaped-rhombic or oblong-rhombic pinnate leaves are roughly double serrated on the edge. With a length of 5 to 7 centimeters, the terminal leaflets are slightly longer than the lateral leaflets. The downy, hairy, smooth-edged stipules are not fused, on the upright, fertile shoot axes are ovoid to elliptical with a length of 5 to 8 millimeters and a width of 3 to 5 millimeters and on the creeping shoot axes narrower lanceolate or linear-elongated.

Inflorescence and flower

The inflorescence shafts can be of different lengths, the shorter about 5 millimeters and the longer up to 3 centimeters long. A few flowers are clustered or in an umbelliferous inflorescence . The fluffy hairy bracts are ovate or elliptical, rarely linear-oblong with a smooth edge. The 6 to 10 millimeter long peduncle is hairy and has tiny, needle-like spines and often stalked glands.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The corolla usually has a diameter of less than 1 centimeter. The five sepals are 5 to 7 millimeters long and 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters wide and ovate-lanceolate with a pointed upper end. The petals are hardly longer than the sepals. The five upright, bald, white petals are 6 to 9 millimeters long and 3 to 5 millimeters wide and spatulate or oblong and nailed. The many stamens are much shorter than the petals. The stamens are erect and curved inward. There are five to six carpels that are about as long as the stamens.

fruit

Not all carpels ripen into fruits, usually only one to three. The collective stone fruit consequently consists of very few stone fruits , often only one. The stone fruits are only very loosely connected in the collective fruit and separate easily. The bald collective fruit is spherical with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 centimeters. When ripe they are bright red and clear to glassy. The stone fruit is elongated.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

Ecology and phenology

The stone berry is a mesomorphic or scleromorphic hemicryptophyte , sometimes referred to as a pseudophanerophyte , i.e. a pseudo- shrub . The vegetative reproduction takes place through creeping shoot axes.

The flowers are inconspicuous and feminine, their narrow, white petals bend over the base of the flower , which secretes the nectar . There is insect pollination. Pollinators are bees and wasps that get to the nectar between the petals; later self-pollination takes place . The flowering period extends from May to July in Central Europe and from June to July in China.

The fruits taste like currants . In Central Europe, fruit ripens from June, in China between July and August. The spread of the diaspores , it is the fruits, occurs through digestive spread.

Illustration from Sturm: Germany's Flora in Illustrations , 1796

Occurrence

The stone berry is widely distributed from Europe to Russia and from Mongolia to China ; there are also occurrences in North America . The stone berry is found in the cool to temperate regions of Eurasia - in the west to south Greenland , in Europe from Iceland via Scandinavia to the mountainous regions of the Mediterranean region , and to the east via Siberia to northern Japan .

It thrives best on stony, chalky soils in bushes and in sparse forests.

The stone berry inhabits deciduous forests and light coniferous forests in Central Europe , but it also goes into alpine shrubbery and in the Alps in ravine forests , where it occurs in meadows , it is considered a forest relic . It rises in the Alps to altitudes of over 2200 meters, such as in the Allgäu Alps at Laufbacher Eck at 2170 m. It occurs in Central Europe in societies of the order Piceetalia, the associations Tilio-Acerion, Calamagrostion, Cytiso-Pinion, Erico-Pinion and the sub-associations Cephalanthero-Fagenion and Galio-Abietenion.

In Germany it is rare in Schleswig-Holstein ; It is very rare in the rest of the Central European lowlands , and is also very rare in the low mountain ranges north of the Main. In areas with lime-poor soils, it is absent or only occurs sporadically. Otherwise it occurs scattered in Central Europe and it forms locally loose, but rich in individuals.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Werner Rothmaler : Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Volume 2: Vascular Plants, 14th Edition. People and knowledge, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen, Werner Rauh: Flora of Germany and its adjacent areas . 84th edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1968.
  • Urania plant kingdom . Volume 4: Flowering Plants 2, 1st edition. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig 1994, ISBN 3-332-00497-2 .
  • Elena Molokhovets: Classic Russian Cooking: Elena Molokhovets' a Gift to Young Housewives. Indiana University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-253-21210-3 , pp. 441.
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 (Ecology section).
  • Lu Lingdi (Lu Ling-ti), David E. Boufford: Rubus : p. 284 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 9 - Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-14-8 . (Sections Description and Distribution)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e stone berry. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  511 .
  3. ↑ a b Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, Volume 2: Pine plants to butterfly plants. ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 41.

Web links

Commons : Stone Berry ( Rubus saxatilis )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files