Rubus nivalis
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Rubus nivalis , deciduous leaf |
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Rubus nivalis is a western North America occurring plants art of the genus Rubus . The species belongs to the rose family (Rosaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
Rubus nivalis is a perennial plant whose prostrate sprouts take root at the nodes . The stem -round, downy hairy, slightly woody stem axes are 3–12 dm long and about 1–2 mm thick. They are sparsely covered with rather slender, somewhat curved, backward- facing spines . The alternate leaves have a 1–5 cm long, furrowed stalk with slender, back-curved spines. The lanceolate to broadly ovate, briefly pointed, often toothed or lobed stipules are 5–10 mm long. They are not or hardly fused with the petiole. The evergreen , leaf blade is usually simple, rarely also composed trifoliate. The blade of simple leaves is about 3–6 cm long, heart-shaped-ovate to rounded-heart-shaped and undivided to irregularly three-lobed. The lower leaflets of threefold foliage are obliquely ovate, the terminal leaflet is somewhat larger and broadly rhombic-ovoid. The edge of the blade is roughly toothed with wide, suddenly sharpened teeth. It is very shiny on the upper side and bald or sparsely wire-haired, green on the underside and covered with slender, back-curved spines along the nerves.
Generative characteristics
The inflorescences are on the prostrate sprouts on a short, non-glandular stalk in the axils of the leaves. They contain one or two hermaphrodite flowers and usually more than one bract . The bottom of the flower is spiky on the slightly curved outside. The five lanceolate, often unequal sepals are 7–9 mm long and have an approximately 2 mm long, linear tip. The outer ones are leafy, somewhat toothed, shaggy and hairy and bent back at the time of flowering. The five lanceolate to narrowly elliptical petals are matt purple to pink, rarely white and about as long to one and a half times as long as the sepals. The 10–15 non-fused stamens with filamentous stamens and usually less than ten carpels sit on the ± conical flower base . The carpels contain two pendulous ovules , one of which remains undeveloped. The terminal stylus is thready.
The fruits are formed as hemispherical, red, downy hairy collective drupes, which are composed of no more than five to six large, single-seeded drupes . The stone core has a pitted surface.
The plant blooms from late April to August and fruit from June to early October.
Chromosomes
Rubus nivalis has a diploid set of chromosomes with 2n = 14.
distribution and habitat
Most of the occurrences of Rubus nivalis are found along the west coast of North America, from British Columbia to northwestern California . The northernmost locations are in the central highlands of British Columbia, for example at Burns Lake . Further south, Vancouver Island , the western foot of the North Shore Mountains , the Olympic Peninsula , the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range are settled. Separated from this by continental, low-precipitation basin and plateau landscapes, Rubus nivalis occurs inland, for example in the mountainous south-east of British Columbia and in Idaho . The species grows almost from sea level to altitudes of around 1500 m.
The spectrum of occurrences of Rubus nivalis ranges from shady to partially shaded, moist coniferous forests to open locations on slopes. The species remains sterile in shady forests and only blooms in sufficiently light locations, for example on recently burned areas or on rocky sites.
Taxonomy and systematics
The first description of the species was published in 1832 by William Jackson Hooker in his Flora Boreali-Americana . It was based on a manuscript by the British plant collector David Douglas , so that the latter has to be considered the actual author. Rubus pacificus J.M. Macoun is a synonym . In addition, the species as Cardiobatus nivalis (Douglas) Greene is the type species of its own, but today not recognized monotypical genus Cardiobatus Greene .
Rubus nivalis is placed within the genus Rubus in the relatively poor, predominantly Asian subgenus Chamaebatus . A molecular biological investigation based on ITS sequences of the ribosomal DNA showed this sub-genus as polyphyletic . Rubus nivalis was not the sister taxon of the East Asian Rubus pectinellus , the second examined species of the subgenus. In contrast, he showed relationships to the two examined species of the predominantly South American subgenus Orobatus and to a clade that consisted of several New Zealand and Australian species , predominantly belonging to the subgenus Lampobatus, as well as the South American Rubus geoides .
etymology
The specific epithet nivalis ( lat. Snow ) obviously refers to the information about the habitat in the first description: “ On the high snowy ridges of the Rocky Mountains. ", So about" On the high snow-capped ridges of the Rocky Mountains ". The generic name Rubus is the old Latin name for blackberries .
use
At the Quileute and Hoh on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State , the fruits are eaten raw, prepared as compote and also preserved for the winter.
swell
- Abrams L. 1944: Family 64. Rosàceae. Rose Family. In: Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States. Vol. II. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, pp. 407-465. - online
- Ertter B. 1993: Rubus . In: Hickman JC (Ed.): The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California . University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, ISBN 0-520-08255-9 , pp. 974-975. - online
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 .
- Rydberg PA 1913: 53. Rubus (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 492, 1753. In: North American Flora. Vol. 22, Part 5. pp. 428-480. - online
- Scoggan HJ 1978: Rosaceae (Rose Family). In: The Flora of Canada. Part 3: Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, ISBN 0-660-00025-3 , pp. 898-967.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Rubus nivalis. Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria, accessed October 11, 2012 .
- ↑ Thompson MM 1995: Chromosome numbers of Rubus species at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository. HortScience 30: 1447-1452. - abstract
- ↑ Klinkenberg, Brian (ed.): Rubus nivalis. In: E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2010, accessed October 11, 2012 .
- ^ Piper CV 1906: Flora of the state of Washington. (Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11). P. 333. - Online
- ↑ a b Hooker WJ 1829-1834: Flora Boreali-Americana; or, the botany of the northern parts of British America . Vol. 1. P. 181. - Online
- ^ Rubus nivalis. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN): Taxonomy for Plants. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, accessed October 11, 2012 .
- ↑ Cardiobatus. In: Index Nominum Genericorum database. Smithsonian Institution, accessed October 11, 2012 .
- ↑ Alice LA, Campbell CS 1999: Phylogeny of Rubus (Rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences. American Journal of Botany 86: 81-97. - abstract
- ↑ Genaust H. 1996 , p. 420. - Preview in the Google book search
- ↑ Genaust H. 1996 , p. 545. - Preview with the Google book search
- ^ Native American Ethnobotany. University of Michigan-Dearborn, accessed October 11, 2012 ( enter Rubus nivalis in the search box).
