Potato rose
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Potato rose ( Rosa rugosa ), wild form |
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The potato rose ( Rosa rugosa ), also known as apple rose , Japan rose , Sylter rose or Kamchatka rose , is a species of plant from the genus roses ( Rosa ) within the rose family (Rosaceae). It is native to East Asia and is a neophyte in many areas of the world .
description
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Rosa rugosa grows as a deciduous shrub that reaches heights of about 1.50 meters. It often spreads like a lawn through underground runners . The potato rose has short, strong spines . The alternately arranged leaves are 8 to 15 centimeters long and pinnate unpaired with five to nine leaflets . With their wrinkled surface, the leaves are reminiscent of potato leaves .
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14.
The flowering period extends from June to September. The slightly fragrant flowers have a diameter of 6 to 8 centimeters. The five free petals are dark pink to white. Their relatively large, up to 2 centimeters thick rose hips turn brick red when ripe.
ecology
The vegetative reproduction takes place through the underground runners , which can quickly create large, dense stands.
The pollination for example, by bumblebees , bees and beetles . Bees can the scents of pollen species Rosa rugosa and Rosa canina differ.
The diaspores are the rose hips , which are subject to digestion and swimming, for example, through seawater. The fruits are eaten by a number of birds, including the herring gull ; the seeds are excreted. Germination succeeds in all types of vegetation in the dune landscape.
Shoot axes, which are covered by the sand of a dune, take root and grow with the dune upwards. Likewise, new plants can emerge from root fragments from a length of 4 centimeters. Like the fruits, shoot and root parts are occasionally transported over long distances along the coast with strong coastal winds or water.
Occurrence
The original distribution area of Rosa rugosa extends from the Chinese provinces of eastern Jilin , Liaoning and northeastern Shandong via Korea and Russia's Far East to Japan . It is planted in many areas of the world and is widely considered an invasive plant .
In Central Europe , the potato rose is a frost-hardy ornamental plant that is cultivated in hedges and as a solitary shrub, and is seldom planted in wild hedges on streets and in fields; Occasionally it is overgrown in the locality, but hardly naturalized and over the years it is locally stable. It is a permanent crop in southern Europe .
Taxonomy
The first publication of Rosa rugosa was in 1784 by Carl Peter Thunberg . The specific epithet rugosa is derived from the Latin word rugosus for wrinkled, wrinkled and refers to the wrinkled appearance of the leaves. Synonyms of Rosa rugosa Thunb. are Rosa ferox Lawrence and Rosa pubescens Baker .
use
The pulp of the rose hips of the potato rose is more productive than that of the smaller " dog rose hips ". It delivers jam , which in Germany is also known regionally as "Hägenmark", "Hiefenmus" or "Hetschepetsche".
The remaining fruit peels and seeds are dried and brewed into an aromatic tea, which is regionally also called "butte tea" or "core tea".
use
Since the potato rose makes very few demands on its location, it was and is partly planted specifically today. Due to its spreading behavior, however, the potato rose is now considered an invasive neophyte , the planting of which is viewed critically for reasons of species and biotope protection, at least in landscape types such as dunes and coastal heaths. Their high regeneration potential makes it difficult to combat the potato rose by machine. Continuous browsing by grazing animals on pastures with a longer grazing period enabled the species to be effectively pushed back in the Schäferhaus foundation land .
Windbreak
The potato rose is characterized by good growth characteristics in extreme, also salt-influenced locations. Because of its striking, strongly scented flowers and its ability to thrive even in more extreme locations, it is still often planted in gardens and outdoors. Various varieties and hybrids are used under the name Rosa rugosa . Typical planting locations are, for example, median strips on motorways. It is also often found in coastal hedges, but also in inland hedge plantations. The potato rose is also used to green potash piles. At the Baltic and North Sea coast and on the islands in coastal areas, such as on the island of Helgoland upstream dune , it is partially shape the landscape. Before World War II , it was also widely planted on the East Frisian Islands , where it was used to camouflage the bunkers .
Use in gardens
The Rosa rugosa is hardy, tolerates salt and is undemanding. It also grows on sandy, poor soils, even in windy locations. On limestone soils, the leaves often turn yellow due to a lack of iron, since the rose can only absorb iron with difficulty. The potato rose is largely insensitive to diseases such as rose rust and star soot. These properties were transferred to their garden forms, the Rosa Rugosa hybrids , as part of rose breeding .
The potato rose and especially the new garden varieties such as the 'Dagmar Hastrup' variety are often recommended for so-called easy-care home gardens, as they hardly need to be cut and no winter protection is required. There are now also varieties that are suitable for surface greening, such as the white, strongly scented variety 'White Roadrunner'. This is only 0.3 meters high and forms upright branches that do not overhang; it requires less maintenance than most ground cover roses. The potato rose can also widen laterally in the garden through runners. A root barrier is therefore often recommended in order to curb the rose's urge to spread.
Invasive plant
The potato rose is particularly characteristic of the landscape in large sections of the North Sea coast. Aerial photographs show that the range of the potato rose in Denmark has been expanding continuously for over 50 years; there is no evidence that the populations are aging and disappearing again. The most important mechanism of propagation is clonal growth.
The potato rose changes the landscape and the communities of dunes and coastal heaths. Above all, it displaces small coastal species that are in need of light and can also penetrate and push back the much more species-rich sea buckthorn stocks. Of the species that are generally rare and worthy of protection, sea thistle , crowberry heather , sand timothy and beaver nellus are particularly often supplanted. For reasons of species and biotope protection, the occurrence of potato roses in dunes and coastal heath is undesirable.
Combat
The control of the potato rose is difficult because it sprouts from root remains after mowing, grazing and even after fighting with fire. Potato rose populations recover due to their high regeneration potential even after being mowed several times. Continuous grazing with sheep can reduce the reappearance of the potato rose after a mowing. However, such grazing with sheep is not feasible in dunes and steep coastal areas.
A procedure has been successfully tested in which the potato roses are removed by an excavator in winter. The substrate removed from the plants is separated from root remains by sieving. Wherever plants regenerate after such a measure, they are dug up. In Denmark, where the spread of the potato rose is viewed particularly critically, the cleared areas are covered with at least fifty centimeters of sand after clearing to prevent the plants from sprouting again.
Conflicting goals
The fragrant and delightfully blooming potato rose is seen by tourists in particular as a defining part of the coastal landscape. Since the rose blossom is sometimes used to attract tourists, the fight against it does not always meet with the goodwill of the local spa administrations or the tourist office. Their popularity has also made their removal difficult in Denmark.
Basically, fighting the potato rose is very complex and usually associated with a massive disruption of the dunes when crops are cleared or sanded over. Control measures can destabilize dunes and cliffs. For this reason, for example, the fight against the potato rose in the Duhner Heide region , which was carried out to protect the crowberry heather there , met with criticism from the residents. It is not always clear how high the possibility is that existing stocks of potato roses can penetrate into areas that are still unpopulated. In the coastal and dune sections where the possibility is low, it may be more effective, after weighing the effort and benefit, to regularly check the areas that have not yet been populated and, if necessary, to dig up newly established young plants.
Potato rose plantings are also occasionally used to direct the flow of visitors and to keep them out of protected dune areas. This advantage must also be weighed against the possible disadvantages of removal. The local Bibernell rose is also suitable for directing the flow of visitors , and there are other steering options.
Horticultural history
This frequently blooming wild rose has been introduced to Europe from East Asia since 1845.
Varieties (selection):
- 'Agnes', 1922, yellow, fragrant
- 'Dagmar Hastrup' , 1914, pink
- 'Mme Georges Bruant', 1887, white
- 'Pink Dwarf', 1985, pink
- 'Red Sea', 1985, purple-red
- 'Schneekoppe', 1985, white
- 'Snow Light', 1894, white, simple
- ' White Roadrunner ', 2001, white, semi-double, strongly scented
See also
literature
- Ingo Kowarik: Biological Invasions - Neophytes and Neozoa in Central Europe . 2nd, expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2010, ISBN 978-3-8001-5889-8
- Heinrich Schultheis: roses. The best species and varieties for the garden. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-6601-1 .
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
- Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. Volume 2: Yew plants to butterfly plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06192-2 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Potato Rose. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 566.
- ↑ a b c Kowarik, p. 286.
- ↑ a b c Gu Cuizhi, Kenneth R. Robertson: Rosa. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 9: Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-14-8 , Rosa rugosa , pp. 358 (English, online ).
- ^ Neophytes in Schleswig-Holstein: problem or enrichment? (PDF) State Office for Nature and the Environment of the State of Schleswig-Holstein, March 31, 2004, accessed on August 8, 2018 .
- ↑ Kowarik, p. 288.
- ↑ a b c Kowarik, p. 287.
- ↑ Kowarik, p. 285.
Web links and further literature
- Potato rose. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Rosa rugosa Thunb. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved November 9, 2015.
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Rosa rugosa on the website neobiota.de of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation
- Hans Henrik Bruun: Rosa rugosa Thunb. ex Murray (= Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 239). In: Journal of Ecology. Volume 93, No. 2, 2005, pp. 441-470, doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2745.2005.01002.x