Gray mold rot
| Gray mold rot | ||||||||||||
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Gray mold rot on tomatoes |
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| Botrytis cinerea | ||||||||||||
| Pers. |
The gray mold and gray mold , and gray mold is a plant disease caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea ( Syn. : Botryotinia fuckeliana is caused). It is the only generalist parasite of the biological genus Botrytis , which affects over 235 host plants as a plant pest. The mold is of particular importance in viticulture, where it triggers noble rot and raw rot. This is why it is also called noble rot fungus.
description
The mycelium is grayish or brownish. The carriers of the conidia are septate and more or less branched. The spores sit on the ends of the branches. The abundant formation of conidia creates a gray to blackish, often dusty, fungal lawn. The conidia are about nine to twelve micrometers long and between six and ten micrometers wide.
Very rarely are in or on plant parts black, white interior, sclerotia formed, from which then stalked, sepals, cup or bowl-shaped apothecium called fruiting stems. This is where the ascospores are formed.
ecology
Like all Botrytis species, the gray mold lives as a parasite , thereby inducing apoptosis of the infected cells in the infected tissue of the infected plants. This leads to the progressive disintegration of the tissue (rot). The infestation has a necrotrophic effect on young grapes, but biotrophic in older grapes - the parasite creates holes in the grape skin, so that water evaporates and the sugar concentration rises. All other species of the genus are specialized in one or a few hosts, only gray mold rot, as a generalist, can attack more than 235 host plants.
The species can reproduce sexually, but rarely does so. The conidia are spread by the wind. The fungi overwinter as mycelium in the soil within the rotting plant, or in the case of generative reproduction as sclerotia.
Botrytis and Man
Gray mold rot is a major phytopathogen that causes great damage to important agricultural products. The fungus can be controlled chemically with fungicides such as fenhexamid , pyrimethanil , boscalid , cyprodinil , fludioxonil , dichlofluanid , carboxamides ( vinclozolin , iprodione , procymidone ) and folpet . Agents that are effective against botrytis are also called botryticides .
Gray mold rot poses a threat to human health primarily due to its high allergenic potential.
Botrytis in strawberry cultivation
The most important fungal pest in strawberry cultivation is botrytis. Against the strobilurins , fenhexamid, boscalid, cyprodinil and fludioxonil, however, are increasingly developing resistance . Only the new active ingredient fluopyram has so far been less affected. In order to protect the weakening pesticides from strong attack pressure is recommended
- not to fertilize excessively nitrogen (max. 40–80 kg / ha)
- Leaf wetness by droplets instead - About Crown irrigation to reduce
- to pluck infected fruits
Botrytis in viticulture
In the wine-growing its presence may cause great damage. On unripe grapes, it causes the dreaded raw rot . The infected grapes are then no longer ripe and cannot be used for winemaking.
However, if the gray mold rot develops on fully ripe grape berries in dry, warm autumn weather , it can have a positive effect. The fungus perforates the grape skin and increases its water permeability (water permeability), which favors the evaporation of water , while the remaining ingredients of the grape remain. Not only does the concentration of sugar increase in the grape , but also, in particular, that of the grape's characteristic flavor and aroma substances . This leads to a considerable increase in the quality of the wine , which is why it is also known as noble rot . However, this is only the case with certain grape varieties. In red varieties such as Pinot Noir the grape skin will affect the color of the wine through the run by fungal destruction.
For the production of sparkling wine , wine is usually used from grapes that were only slightly infested with botrytis .
literature
- Werner Rothmaler: Excursion flora for Germany . Volume 1: Lower Plants, 3rd edition. Fischer, Jena 1994. ISBN 3-334-60827-1
- Martijn Staats, Peter van Baarlen, Jan AL van Kan: Molecular Phylogeny of the Plant Pathogenic Genus Botrytis and the Evolution of Host Specificity. In: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22, No. 2, 2005, pp. 333-346. doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msi020
Web links
- Landfotos.de - Photo gallery Botrytis cinerea
- Entry on schimmel-schimmelpilze.de
- Manfred Klimek : Beloved pest: the botrytis mold
- Vine protection service of Lower Austria: gray rot, botrytis
Individual evidence
- ↑ Entry on botryticides. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on May 11, 2015.
- ↑ LfL Bayern: List of pesticides for strawberry cultivation 2015 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Rupp Sabrina, Weber Roland WS, Rieger Daniel, Detzel Peter, Hahn Matthias: Spread of Botrytis cinerea Strains with Multiple Fungicide Resistance in German Horticulture . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . tape 7 , 2017, p. 2075 , doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2016.02075 .
- ↑ Roland WS Weber, Alfred-Peter Entrop: Fungicide strategy for 2015 against botrytis and strawberries . In: Communications of the fruit testing ring of the old country . tape 70 , no. 5 , 2015, p. 149-151 .
