Botrytis
| Botrytis | ||||||||||||
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Botrytis cinerea on a tomato plant |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Botrytis | ||||||||||||
| Pers. ex Fr. |
Botrytis ( Syn. : Botryotinia ) is a cosmopolitan species of Ascomycetes (Ascomycota). It belongs to the form class of the Fungi imperfecti , which means that no phase of sexual fertilization has yet been discovered. All species are important pests of plants, a particularly well-known representative is gray mold rot ( Botrytis cinerea ) with a very large number of host plants.
description
The mycelium is grayish or brownish. The carriers of the conidia are septate and more or less branched. The spores sit on the ends of the branches.
Some species form black sclerotia in or on parts of the plant, white on the inside , from which a stalked, calyx, cup or bowl-shaped fruiting body called apothecium arises. This is where the ascospores are formed.
ecology
All Botrytis species live as parasites , thereby inducing apoptosis of the infected cells in the infected tissue of the infected plants. This leads to the progressive disintegration of the tissue (rot).
Some species can reproduce sexually; other species have lost this ability. The conidia are spread by the wind. The fungi overwinter as mycelium in the soil within the rotting plant, or in the case of species with generative reproduction as sclerotia.
Botrytis and Man
Fungi of the genus Botrytis are important phytopathogens that cause severe damage to many important agricultural products. They are often fought chemically, for example with pyrimethanil , fludioxonil , cyprodinil or fenhexamid .
Viticulture
Under certain circumstances, depending on the time of grape ripening and weather conditions, gray mold rot ( B. cinerea ) can significantly increase the quality of wine, which is why it is also called noble rot . If the infestation occurs before the grapevine ripens, the harvest spoils and one speaks of raw rot .
Systematics
The genus Botrytis belongs to the family of sclerotia cup relatives (Sclerotiniaceae), closely related genera are Sclerotinia and the fruit cups ( Monilinia ). To date, the genus includes 22 species and one natural hybrid . The teleomorphic species with sexual reproduction are sometimes also separated into their own genus Botryotinia Whetzel. The name botrytis , which originally only applied to the anamorphic species, has meanwhile largely established itself for both forms.
| Art | Host plants |
|---|---|
| Gray mold rot Botrytis cinerea pers. ( Syn .: B. fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel) | more than 235 plant species |
| Chocolate stains Botrytis fabae Sardiña | Sweet peas ( Vicia ), peas ( Pisum ), lentils ( Lens ) and phaseolus |
| Marsh marigold cup Botrytis calthae Hennebert | Marsh marigold ( Caltha palustris ) |
| Buttercup sclerotia cup Botrytis ranunculi Hennebert | Buttercup ( Ranunculus ) |
| Lesser celandine sclerotia cup Botrytis ficariarum Hennebert | Spring celandine ( Ficaria verna ) |
| Botrytis pelargonii Roed | Pelargonium ( Pelargonium ) |
| Päoniengrauschimmel Botrytis Paeoniae Oud. | Peonies ( Paeonia ) |
| Botrytis hyacinthi Westerd. & Beyma | Hyacinths ( hyacinthus ) |
| Tulips wilt Botrytis tulipae Lind | Tulips ( tulipa ) |
| Botrytis elliptica (Berk.) Cooke | Lilies ( Lilium ) |
| Botrytis squamosa Walker | Onion ( Allium cepa ) |
| Botrytis aclada (Fresen.) Yohalem | Onions ( allium ) |
| Onion gray rot Botrytis x allii (Munn) Yohalem, Natural hybrids: B. byssoidea × B. aclada | Onions ( allium ) |
| Botrytis byssoidea Walker | Onions ( allium ) |
| Botrytis globosa Raabe | Wild garlic ( Allium ursinum ) |
| Botrytis porri Buchw. | Onions ( allium ) |
| Botrytis sphaerosperma Buchw. | Bell leek ( Allium triquetrum ) |
| Botrytis narcissicola adhesive. Ex Westerd. & Beyma | Daffodils ( Narcissus ) |
| Botrytis polyblastis Dowson | Daffodils ( Narcissus ) |
| Snowdrop gray mold Botrytis galanthina (Berk. And Br.) Sacc. | Snowdrop ( Galanthus ) |
| Botrytis convoluta Whetzel & Drayton | Irises ( Iris ) |
| Botrytis croci Cooke & Massee | Crocuses ( crocus ) |
| Soft rot Botrytis gladiolorum Timm. ( Syn . : B. draytonii Budd. & Wakef.) | Gladiolus ( Gladiolus ) |
literature
- Werner Rothmaler: Excursion flora for Germany . Volume 1: Lower Plants, 3rd edition. Fischer, Jena 1994. ISBN 3-334-60827-1
- Martijn Staats, Peter van Baarlen, Jan AL van Kan: Molecular Phylogeny of the Plant Pathogenic Genus Botrytis and the Evolution of Host Specificity. In: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22, No. 2, 2005, pp. 333-346. doi: 10.1093 / molbev / msi020
