Helotials
| Helotials | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Large-pored jelly cup Ascocoryne cylichnium , fruiting body |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Helotials | ||||||||||||
| Nannf. |
The helotiales are an order of the hose mushrooms . They are morphologically very diverse, so individual characteristics are listed for the families. Well-known representatives are the gray mold ( Botrytis ).
Way of life
The representatives of the Helotiales live as plant pathogens , endophytes , nematophagous fungi , mycorrhiza- forming fungi, as fungal parasites, as terrestrial and aquatic saprobionts .
Systematics
The representatives of the Helotiales are clearly not a natural family group, they are paraphyletic . A division into several monophyletic orders in the near future is considered likely. Crous et al. (2014) then carried out an extensive investigation and found that the Phacidiaceae are clearly independent, and re-established the Phacidiales order described by Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel in 1917 , which had previously only been considered a synonym for the Helotiales. They are now a sister clade to the Helotiales. The dirt cup relatives (Bulgariaceae), which had previously also belonged to the Helotiales as an independent family, were recognized as part of the Phacidiaceae and are therefore only a synonym. Both names (Bulgariaceae and Phacidiaceae) were published at the same time, but since the Phacidiaceae includes more species, this name was given preference over Bulgariacae. Eriksson 2006 lists the following families (with selected genera and species) for the Helotiales: The Geoglossaceae belong to Wang et al. no more to the Helotiales. They have recently been placed in a class of their own, the Geoglossomycetes .
- Dermateaceae with 77 genera: endophytes. Heterogeneous, hardly studied family. They form small fleshy apothecia on plants. The excipulum consists of thick-walled round to angular cells. Almost certainly not monophyletic.
- Helotiaceae with 94 genera: According to Wang et al. 2006 polyphyletic and formed eight clades in their study .
- Hemiphacidiaceae with five genera: The representatives are pathogens on plant leaves and form small simple apothecia under the leaf surface, which they pierce during growth.
- Hyaloscyphaceae with 68 genera:
- Leotiaceae with five genera
-
Single genus
Loramycetaceae
- Loramyces : they live aquatic
- Stromabecherverwandte (Rutstroemiaceae) with five genera
- Sclerotia cup relatives (Sclerotiniaceae) with 34 genera: plant endophytes and pathogens, they form sclerotized fruiting bodies.
- Vibrisseaceae with three genera: they live partially aquatic
The families Hemiphadiaceae, Rutstroemeriaceae and Sclerotiniaceae form according to Wang et al. a well-secured monophyletic group. The authors propose the formation of a separate order.
swell
literature
- Zheng Wang et al .: Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data. In: Mycologia. Volume 98, No. 6, 2006, pp. 1065-1075.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Z. Wang et al.: Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data. 2006.
- ↑ Pedro W. Crous, William Quaedvlieg, Karen Hansen, David L. Hawksworth, Johannes Z. Groenewald: Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications . In: IMA Fungus . tape 5 , no. 2 , 2014, p. 173–193 , doi : 10.5598 / imafungus. 2014-05-02-02 ( Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. [PDF]).
- ^ OE Eriksson (Ed.): Outline of Ascomycota - 2006. In: Myconet. Volume 12, 2006, pp. 1-82. (online html)
- ↑ CL Schoch, Z. Wang, JP Townsend, JW Spatafora: Geoglossomycetes cl. Nov., Geoglossales ord. nov. and taxa above class rank in the Ascomycota Tree of Life. In: Persoonia. 22, 2009, pp. 129-138. ( persoonia.org; PDF ( Memento from August 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ))