Leotiomycetes

Leotiomycetes
	Uncinula tulasnei , a member of the Erysiphaceae
Systematics
without rank:	Nucletmycea
Empire :	Mushrooms (fungi)
Sub-kingdom :	Dikarya
Department :	Ascomycota mushrooms
Subdivision :	Real ascent mushrooms (Pezizomycotina)
Class :	Leotiomycetes
Scientific name
	Leotiomycetes
	OE Erikss. & Winka

The Leotiomycetes are a class of ashlar mushrooms . It does not contain any lichens.

features

Morphologically, the Leotiomycetes are very diverse. A large part has small apothecia as fruiting bodies with an exposed hymenium and inoperculate, unitunicate asci , which open with an apical perforation pore and thus release the spores. The Erysiphales, Myxotrichaceae and Thelebolales, however, have simple, cleistothecic fruiting bodies. The shape of the fruiting bodies can be a brightly colored ball the size of a table tennis ball ( golf ball mushrooms - Cyttaria ), or small dark dots on coniferous needles ( cleft lips - Lophodermium ). The consistency of the fruit body ranges from gelatinous ( dirt cuplets - Bulgaria ), hairy and fleshy to fragile ( Hyaloscyphaceae ). The powdery mildew mushrooms (Erysiphales) and the Thelebolales have very small, closed fruiting bodies with sometimes only one ascus. The majority of the species forms eight-pore asci, some representatives such as Thelebolus stercoreus form up to 2,000 spores per ascus.

The spores are not septate or transversely septate , translucent ( hyaline ) or pigmented, and are slightly asymmetrical lengthways.

In some groups, anamorphs occur, these can be hyphomycetic or coelomycetic .

ecology

Chlorociboria aeruginascens ( Chlorociboria aeruginascens ) helotiaceae.

The way of life is just as diverse as the morphology. In many cases, however, the fungi are bound to plants in some way: there are plant pathogens ( sclerotia cuplets - Sclerotinia ), endophytes ( Phacidium ), saprobionts , mycorrhizal formers ( Hymenoscyphus ), root rot pathogens and also nematophagous fungi .

Systematics

Cyttaria darwinii , Cyttariales

Despite their great morphological and ecological diversity, the Leotiomycetes to the extent shown here are well established as a monophyletic group on the basis of DNA sequence comparisons . The Geoglossaceae that used to be included are no longer here. Hibbett et al. (2007) structure the class as follows:

Order pebble mushrooms (Cyttariales)
Order powdery mildew (Erysiphales)
Order Helotiales : The Helobiales are clearly not monophyletic. The other orders are in cladograms within the Helobiales. A reorganization of the Helotiales, probably a division into several orders, is still pending.
Order Phacidiales : In 2014, spun off from the Helotiales as their sister clade.
Order wrinkled scabies (Rhytismatales)
Order Thelebolales : hardly represented in phylogenetic studies so far, placement in the class is considered provisional.

The Myxotrichaceae and the Pseudeurotiaceae also belong to this class.

swell

literature

Zheng Wang et al .: Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data . In: Mycologia , Volume 98, 2006, pp. 1065-1075.
Joseph W. Spatafora et al .: A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina . In: Mycologia , Volume 98, 2006, pp. 1018-1028.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Wang et al .: Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data , 2006.
↑ ^a ^b Sina M. Adl et al .: The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. In: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 (5), 2005; Pages 399-451. doi : 10.1111 / j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x .
↑ ^a ^b D. S. Hibbett et al .: A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi . In: Mycological research , May 2007; 111 (5): 509-547. Epub 2007 March 13, 2007. doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2007.03.004 , (PDF; 1.3 MB)
↑ Pedro W. Crous, William Quaedvlieg, Karen Hansen, David L. Hawksworth, Johannes Z. Groenewald: Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. In: IMA Fungus . tape 5 , no. 2 , 2014, p. 173–193 , doi : 10.5598 / imafungus. 2014.05.02.02 ( Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. ( Memento of February 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF]).

Web links

Commons : Leotiomycetes - collection of images, videos and audio files

[Wang-1] Wang et al .: Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data , 2006.

[Adl-2] Sina M. Adl et al .: The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. In: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 (5), 2005; Pages 399-451. doi : 10.1111 / j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x .

[Hibbett-3] D. S. Hibbett et al .: A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi . In: Mycological research , May 2007; 111 (5): 509-547. Epub 2007 March 13, 2007. doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2007.03.004 , (PDF; 1.3 MB)

[Crous2014-4] Pedro W. Crous, William Quaedvlieg, Karen Hansen, David L. Hawksworth, Johannes Z. Groenewald: Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. In: IMA Fungus . tape 5 , no. 2 , 2014, p. 173–193 , doi : 10.5598 / imafungus. 2014.05.02.02 ( Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. ( Memento of February 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF]).