Phaseolus

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Phaseolus
Cultivated form of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Cultivated form of the common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Phaseoleae
Genre : Phaseolus
Scientific name
Phaseolus
L.

The species of the genus Phaseolus are called New World beans . Like the ancient Vigna bean genus, they are assigned to the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae).

description

Illustration of the Lima bean ( Phaseolus lunatus )
Illustration of the fire bean ( Phaseolus coccineus )
Fire bean seeds ( Phaseolus coccineus )
Pulses of the common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris )
Seeds of different varieties of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris )
Fir bean inflorescence ( Phaseolus coccineus )
Green bean ( Phaseolus coccineus ) leaves, inflorescences and ripe legumes
Phaseolus polystachios

Vegetative characteristics

Phaseolus species grow as creeping or climbing, more rarely independently upright, annual or perennial herbaceous plants , or rarely as subshrubs . They are not armed with spikes or thorns. The climbing species are left-hand winding , so (when viewed from above) they wind up counter-clockwise.

Arranged alternate and helically distributed on the stem leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blade is usually pinnate unpaired. There are usually three, rarely only one, pinna flake present, the leaves are therefore usually three parts. The flat leaflets are entire. There are two persistent stipules .

Generative characteristics

The flowers are grouped in bundles in lateral, compound racemose inflorescences . There are bracts and cover sheets available.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five unequal sepals are fused with two sepal lips. The upper calyx lip consists of two calyx lobes, the lower one consists of three calyx lobes. The flower crowns have the typical structure of the butterfly flowers . There are five nailed petals , two of which have grown together to form a boat and the others are free. The round flag is not spurred but eyed and has two differently pronounced appendages depending on the species. The shuttle often follows the screwing of the ovary: the narrow shuttle forms a screw with one to five complete turns. There are ten fertile stamens . Nine stamens have grown together to form a tube. The individual upper carpels contain three to many ovules . The stylus, which is curved up to 360 °, can be partially hairy.

There are legumes formed. Each fruit contains three to many seeds. The seeds are usually kidney-shaped or elongated. Distribution unit ( diaspore ) is the seed.

Photoperiodism

Most Phaseolus species are short-day plants or are day-neutral, depending on their home area. Only Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus polystachus have long-day varieties.

use

Some species are cultivated for the production of food:

Since they fix nitrogen ( Rhizobium root nodules ), they are important for soil improvement.

Occurrence

The distribution area originally only includes the New World between 37 ° N and 30 ° S.

Systematics

Today only 50 to 71 species are counted to the genus Phaseolus ; earlier, around 150 to 200 species were classified in this genus. Only the New World species belong to Phaseolus - the Old World species are mainly classified in the genus Vigna . The genus Phaseolus belongs to the subtribe Phaseolinae of the tribe Phaseoleae in the subfamily Butterflies (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). The genus Phaseolus was published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 723. Synonyms for Phaseolus L. are: Phasellus Medik. , Phaseolos St.Lag. , Caracalla's death. , Lipusa Aleph. , Candelium med. , Cadelium Medik. , Alepidocalyx Piper , Minkelersia M.Martens & Galeotti , Rudua F.Maek.

The genus Phaseolus is named after G. Lewis, et al., Eds .: Legumes of the world. (Leg World), 2005, 428 divided into 15 sections, here listed with all types:

  • Section Acutifolii : With only two species:
  • Section Coccinei : With the only species:
    • Fir bean , beetle bean or runner bean ( Phaseolus coccineus L. ): With many varieties.

See also

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Phaseolus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Phaseolus  - collection of images, videos and audio files