Rose oil
Rose oil is an essential oil and is obtained from the petals of roses by steam distillation . The flowers used for oil extraction are mainly cultivated in Bulgaria ( Rose Valley ), France , Iran , Morocco and Turkey and picked by hand.
history
Before the steam distillation, the rose oil (Latin oleum rosarum ) was obtained as an oily decoction by extracting the flowers (or the petals, from Rosa canina) with fatty oils (such as olive oil from Olea europaea). The Greek Theophrastus (370 BC) described the extraction of rose oil using sesame oil . Rose oil was then added to wine. It is said of Pliny that the Romans scented their food and their bodies with rose oil. In the 6th century, the Greek doctor and medicine writer Palladios also wrote a recipe for preparing rose oil. The knowledge about the distillation of rose oil came from Persia. As early as 810, Baghdad received around 30,000 bottles of rose water from the Faristan province . Knowledge of the distillation of rose oil reached Europe around 1000 AD.
Medieval texts contain instructions for making rose oil as a decoction of rose petals in olive oil.
In the 17th century, rose cultivation expanded from Persia to India , North Africa and Turkey. Rose cultivation began in Europe in 1710. In the Ottoman Empire in the province of Bulgaria, 200 km east of Sofia in Kazanlak . From 1750 to the present day, the region between Kazanlak and Karlowo has been the most important growing region for the extraction of rose oil ( valley of roses ). At the beginning of the 20th century there were still about 2800 small distillers for rose oil in Bulgaria with steam tanks for about 1–10 tons of flowers.
The center of Turkish rose cultivation is between Burdur and Isparta in the south-western part of Turkey.
In Morocco, rose oil production began shortly before the outbreak of World War II in El-Kelâa M'Gouna .
In 1938 the world annual production of natural rose oil was still three tons per year, in 1955 it was 700 kg and in the early 1980s between one and two tons per year. In Bulgaria production in 2003 was around 900 kg.
Manufacture, cost and use
Rose oil is mainly obtained from the following types of roses:
The rose species of Rosa alba and Rosa gallica are less important . The yield is low; it is only 0.02 to 0.05%. About one liter of rose oil is distilled from four tons of flowers. In the Bulgarian Rose Valley alone, around 35,000 workers are used each season to manually pick the rose petals. The distillation process is carried out up to seven times. The price is very high and falsifications e.g. B. with cheap geranium oil are therefore not uncommon.
Rose oil is one of the most expensive essential oils . In 2017, a liter of genuine Bulgarian rose oil (Rosa damascena) costs up to € 10,000 in wholesale, and a kilogram of Turkish rose oil around € 3,000. Before gold rose from $ 35 an ounce to over $ 600 an ounce in the early 1970s , rose oil was more expensive than gold. Today about 70% of the world production of real rose oil comes from Bulgaria.
Inexpensive synthetic rose oil imitation products are also available in stores. Nature-identical replicas can cost around € 60–70 per kg and come very close to the fragrance experience of real rose oil, but cannot achieve this. Non-nature-identical, synthetic replicas are much cheaper, but less appealing in terms of their scent.
Rose oil is used for precious perfumes (e.g. Chanel № 5 ), for scenting rooms in fragrance lamps , in aromatherapy , and sometimes also for scenting sugar, chocolate, tobacco products and liqueurs. Next to jasmine , rose is the most frequently used floral fragrance in perfumery .
Rose oil has anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects.
ingredients
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Rose oil |
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90106-38-0 |
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Bulgarian rose oil is a yellow to greenish liquid with the following physical and chemical properties relevant for quality control: Density 0.848-0.861 kg / L, refractive index 1.4530-1.4640, solidifies at approx. 16.5-23.5 ° C , Acid number 0.92-3.75, ester number 7.2-17.1, saponification number 8.0-21.0. The main ingredients are 34–55% (-) - citronellol , 30–40% geraniol and nerol , with small traces of linalool , farnesol , citral , 2-phenylethanol , carvone , rhodinol and nonylaldehyde . In total, there are at least 350 compounds in natural rose oil. Bulgarian rose oil contains traces of the compounds damascenone and rose oxide ; these give the Bulgarian rose oil its special note.
The main component of rose oil is 2-phenylethanol . In steam distillation, 2-phenylethanol is almost completely converted into the aqueous phase due to its good solubility in water. Rose water therefore contains a lot of 2-phenylethanol.
See also
Web links
- Extraction of rose oil
- Chemistry of the rose fragrance (en)
- Garden friends (Switzerland): The extraction of rose oil .
- Deutschlandradio Kultur: Rosental in Bulgaria. From the most expensive rose oil in the world .
literature
- Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder: The New Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Botany Medicinal Drugs, Active Ingredients Applications, Franckh-Kosmos Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart, 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 164.
- ↑ Christine Boot: 'Of good plasters and ointments'. In: Burghart Wachinger et al. (Hrsg.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition, ISBN 3-11-022248-5 , Volume 3: Gert van der Schüren - Hildegard von Bingen. Berlin / New York 1981, Col. 332–334, here: Col. 333.
- ↑ Carl Külz, E. Külz-Trosse, Jos. Klapper (ed.): The Breslauer Arneibuch. R [hedigeranus] 291 of the city library, part I: text. Dresden 1908 (Codex today in the University Library in Breslau), p. 182 f.
- ↑ Gundolf Keil : "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, pp. 7–175, here: p. 88, note 701 (with further source texts).
- ↑ a b c d e f Ute Strimmer: The Rose Valley in Bulgaria. Pot of gold on the bush. In: G / Geschichte , special issue 1/2017, p. 82.
- ^ Gold rates for 1 ounce annual overview from 1973. Retrieved November 15, 2015 .
- ↑ Why gold could be $ 2,700 in two years. Retrieved November 15, 2015 .
- ↑ a b data sheet rose oil from Sanabio , accessed on June 13, 2016.