Hepatica

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Hepatica
Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis)

Hepatica ( Hepatica nobilis )

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Anemoneae
Genre : Hepatica ( Hepatica )
Type : Hepatica
Scientific name
Hepatica nobilis
( L. ) Schreb.

The hepatica ( Hepatica nobilis , syn .: Anemone hepatica , Hepatica triloba ), more precisely common hepatica , also called three-lobed hepatica , is a plant species within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).

The generic name Hepatica as well as the German common name refer to the shape of the leaves. The leaves are reminiscent of the shape of a liver .

H. nobilis is the most common of a total of seven species in the genus Hepatica . Like all species of the genus, the common liverwort is a perennial, low small shrub. It blooms in early spring or at the beginning of the growing season in higher mountain areas. Depending on the variety , the flower color can be a striking azure blue, as with H. nobilis var. Nobilis , but it can also be blue, pink, violet or white. In Central Europe only the H. nobilis var. Nobilis variety is widespread. Typically, the liverwort grows in the humus layer over loamy calcareous forest soils in beech and oak forests (e.g. Thuringia) but also on sandy soils (e.g. Mecklenburg, Brandenburg). It prefers shady to partially shaded locations.

The 6 to 8 described varieties occur in Europe (e.g. var. Nobilis , var. Pyrenaica ), Eastern Asia (e.g. var. Japonica ) and in Eastern North America (e.g. var. Acuta ) .

There are two views about the species belonging to the genus: Most authors place the liverwort to the genus Hepatica . Other authors provide a broad genus Anemone ( Anemone ).

The Hamburg Nature Conservation Foundation named the liverwort Flower of the Year 2013.

When foresters : the saying is Hepatica nobilis , the domestic liverworts, an eternal treasure halfshady Vorfrühlingsgärtchen.

description

Illustration from 1898 (also with a double flower)

Vegetative characteristics

Habit and stalked, distinctive three-lobed leaves
Underside of the flower with the three green bracts
Close up of a flower

The liverwort is a hibernating green , perennial , herbaceous plant that is 10 to 25 cm tall. It survives the winter with persistence buds, which are located directly on the surface of the earth in the leaf axils and in the protection of the persistent leaves and therefore belongs to the wintergreen hemicryptophytes . It has a short, dark brown rhizome lying diagonally in the ground , which is covered with scale-shaped lower leaves. The roots of the liverwort extend up to 30 centimeters into the ground. That is why the liverwort is counted among the deep-rooted species.

The newly created, basal leaves arise from the rhizome after flowering or towards the end of the flowering period . The long leaf stalks still have dense, shiny, white and soft hairs on young leaves. The leaf blade is divided into three lobes and is reminiscent of the human liver in outline, on which the former species name Hepatica triloba Chaix and, according to the signature theory, the German trivial name is based. The lobes have rounded or slightly pointed leaf lobes and can be incised up to half the blade. The upper side of the slightly leathery leaves is dark green in color; the underside of the leaf is tinted purple-violet.

Fruit stand, still unripe

Generative characteristics

The hairy, reddish-brown inflorescence stems grow upright. The long-stalked flowers sit almost directly above the three calyx-like , green bracts ( involucrum ), which protect the flower buds and thus take over the protective function of the missing calyx. The terminal flowers are hermaphrodite, radial symmetry and have a diameter of 15 to 30 mm. The six to nine identical bloom cladding sheets are colored blue to blue-violet, rare specimens with a white or purple bloom envelope occur. The blue color is produced by the anthocyanin dye cyanidin . A circle of whitish stamens surrounds the center of the flower. There are numerous free carpels in the center of the flower . They are green in color, elongated in shape and have a cephalic scar .

The flowering period extends from March to April, making the liverwort one of the earliest plants to flower in spring. In rainy weather and in the evening the flowers close. The frequent opening occurs through the growth movements of the bracts, which make them lengthen a little daily and grow to around twice their original size during the entire flowering period.

Several solitary nuts stand together in a collective fruit .

The liverwort is diploid with the number of chromosomes 2n = 14.

ecology

From an ecological point of view, the common liverwort is a simple disk flower . The liverwort does not offer nectar, but is an important supplier of pollen for bees, beetles and hover flies . The lifespan of the flowers is about eight days.

The diaspores (hairy nuts with elaiosome ) are sought out by ants and spread through them. Since the fruit stalks tend to the ground when the fruit is ripe, the common liverwort is also a self-sower.

Specimens of this species can survive decades without flowering and can live up to 360 years if there are no disturbances such as changing tree species or long-lasting, heavy shading.

The fruit ripens as early as May. The bracts, which enlarge after anthesis , contribute significantly to the nutrition of the fruit through their photosynthesis . The initially very small and undivided embryo develops very slowly at first. A plant specimen takes years to mature.

The rust fungus Puccinia actaeae-agropyri attacks the liverwort and forms spermogonia and aecia on the leaves.

Systematics

There are two views on the systematic position of the liverwort. On the one hand, phylogenetic examinations as well as morphological and cytological findings speak for an inclusion in a broad genus anemone . However, this would mean that all Anemoninae are combined into one genus. On the other hand, there are very good reasons for splitting off the genus Hepatica , such as the reduced basic chromosome number x = 7 for Hepatica (compared to x = 8 for the anemones in the narrower sense).

It was first published in 1753 under the name Anemone hepatica by Carl von Linné . The name Hepatica nobilis was introduced by Johann Christian von Schreber in 1771 .

Occurrence

The area of ​​the liverwort is characterized by large gaps in distribution ( disjoint area ). Its main distribution area is in the deciduous forests of the northern hemisphere . In Europe, East Asia and North America it forms different geographic races . A complete illustrated overview of the liverwort varieties and their distribution can be found under Distribution map and varieties .

The common liverwort ( Hepatica nobilis var. Nobilis ) thrives best on calcareous, nutrient-rich and muddy-rich, warm, not too dry, but by no means moist, loamy, often stony forest soils . In Central Europe it populates mainly beech and oak forests, but it also occasionally goes into mixed coniferous forests. It rises in the Alps to altitudes of around 1500 meters. In Central Europe it occurs only rarely in the lowlands east of the Elbe ; in the low mountain ranges with limestone soils and in the foothills of the Alps it occurs scattered; overall it is rare in Central Europe, but it usually forms larger populations with a large number of individuals at its locations.

The common hepatica ( Hepatica nobilis var. Nobilis ) is both a clay and a lime pointer. It is considered a character type of the Central European deciduous forests (class Querco-Fagetea, see under forest communities of Central Europe ), it occurs particularly frequently in the beech forest (barley-beech forest and sedge-beech forest), less often in coniferous forests of the mountains on limestone sites. It prefers a temperate continental climate with warm and humid summers, but relatively cold winters and is therefore absent in areas with a stronger Atlantic character, in southern Germany, for example, in the west of the Black Forest and west of it (with a small outpost in the Kaiserstuhl ).

Hazard and protection

The liverwort is "specially protected" in Germany according to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance (BArtSchV). It may not be picked or dug up. In Austria it is not protected in all federal states.

The Hamburg Nature Conservation Foundation and the Foundation for the Protection of Endangered Plants ( Loki Schmidt Foundation ) selected the liverwort as Flower of the Year 2013. The foundation sees the liverwort as endangered by the fact that it is being dug up as a popular garden plant and that old forests, a common location, are becoming increasingly rare. The conversion of light deciduous forests into coniferous forests also contributes to the decline of the species.

ingredients

Due to the protoanemonin contained in the fresh plant , the liverwort can be described as slightly poisonous. When it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes, the protoanemonin develops its irritant effect and can lead to reddening, itching or blistering. When drying, the protoanemonin is converted into anemonin and anemonic acid, which are practically non-toxic.

Use and culture

Hepatica at the Plant Exchange in the Botanical Garden Berlin (spring 2017) (prices in euros)

The liverwort has been used as an ornamental plant in Europe since the 15th century at the latest. Color variants and double flowers are described early on. In Japan, varieties for decorative purposes have been recorded since the seventeenth century. Since the 1980s, there has been increasing breeding of new varieties in Japan, Europe and North America. At annual exhibitions, enthusiasts and collectors can see the latest and greatest results of the breeders. Due to the great variability in shape of H.nobilis var. Japonica in particular, there are now more than a thousand registered varieties. A large number of targeted crosses of Japanese with European species and varieties produce a huge variety of forms. The color of the flowers ranges from purple, blue, red, white to yellow and green. The petals come in different shapes and sizes. There are also double flowers (mostly sterile) that can even be multicolored. Due to the slow growth, liverworts are only capable of flowering at 4-7 years of age, in cultivation in isolated cases after 3 years. The shape and color / drawing of the leaves are also diverse. While 5-12 flowers per plant are observed in nature, under ideal conditions in culture up to 150 flowers can appear on a plant, which then bloom for 3-4 weeks. Because of its slow growth, few growers deal with this rather difficult plant. In collectors' circles, prices of several thousand euros are paid for exceptionally beautiful or rare varieties. Some popular varieties are 'Alba' - white flowers; 'Alba Plena' - double white flowers; 'Ballardii' - flowers light blue; 'Rosea' - pink flowers; 'Rosa Plena' - flowers pink, double; 'Rubra' - flowers red-pink; 'Rubra Plena' - purple flowers, double.

Common names

Other common names for the common liverwort are or were, in some cases only regionally: Buechwunni (Brienz, Berner Oberland), Guldin Cle, Goldklee , Güldenklee ( Altmark ), Guldenklee, Haselmünich ( Tyrol ), Haselblume, Haselvoaltcher ( Transylvania ), Herblümlein, Herzfreude , Heart herb, deer clover , Himmelblüeml (South Tyrol), blue wood flower (Henneberg), liverwort ( Mecklenburg ), liverwort ( Bern , St. Gallen ), liverwort ( Graubünden ), liver clover, noble liverwort ( Middle High German ), güldin liverwort, liverwort (Middle High German) , Lever Blome ( middle Low German ), Leverkrud (middle Low German), Lever word (middle Low German), Liewerkrokt (Transylvania), blue Märzablüm ( Aargau ), Märzblom (Altmark), Maiblümli ( Glarus ) Mühliblüamli (St. Gallen in Sargans ) Oeschken blag ( Pomerania ), Schöranchel (Mecklenburg), black leaves ( Silesia ), Steibluoma (St. Gallen in the Upper Rhine Valley ), Steiblüomli (St. Gallen in the Upper Rhine Valley), blue violas ( East Prussia ) and Vorwi tzchen ( Paderborn )

Distribution map and varieties

Surname Common name / synonym image distribution annotation
H. nobilis belongs to Section Triloba:
leaves three-lobed and entire		 Anemone hepatica in Jardin botanique de la Charme.jpg Hepatica nobilis kz1.jpg
Hepatica nobilis L. Common liverwort Blåsippor på Gotland 2.jpg Europe, East Asia, N America
var. nobilis
(type style)		 Common liverwort HepaticaNoblis.jpg From Scandinavia to the Alps and the Pyrenees. Light beech and oak forests with calcareous, base-rich loamy soils are preferred as locations. In the Alps it rises to altitudes of 2200 meters.
f pyrenaica Pyrenees Hepatica ANEMONE HEPATICA - MONTCALB.JPG Spain, France marbled leaves
var. asiatica (Syn. Hepatica asiatica ) East china Forests and grassy slopes from 700 to 1100 m.
var. insularis (Syn. Hepatica insularis ) Korea - Cheju Island / Cheju-do *) and on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula in deciduous forests.
var. japonica (Syn. Hepatica japonica ) Anemone hepatica var. Japonica color variation.JPG Japan Japanese islands main island Honshu, island Shikoku, in the north of the island Kyushu.
var. pubescens (Syn. Hepatica pubescens ). This is the only tetraploid breed (chromosome number 2n = 28).
var. acuta (Syn. Hepatica acutiloba , Anemone acutiloba ) Anemone acutiloba 1250.jpg eastern North America, pointed leaves and occurrence on lime.
var. obtusa (Syn. Hepatica americana , Anemone americana ) Hepatica nobilis Schreb. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm Roundlobe hepatica.tiff eastern north america rounded leaves and occurrence on acidic soil.
Zonneveld combines the four East Asian races from Hepatica nobilis to Hepatica asiatica and the two North American races to Hepatica americana .

Web links to images:

  1. ↑ Pictures by H. asiatica on Plantarium.ru (Latin, Russian).
  2. ↑ Pictures by H. n. Insularis on asianflora.com (English).
  3. ↑ Pictures of H. pubescens on wildplantsshimane.jp (English).
Hepatica distribution EurAsia.png
Hepatica distribution America.png


Distribution map of hepatica nobilis and its subspecies in Europe + Asia (left) and North America (right). The distribution of the other Hepatica species is also shown. (Attempt of a representation according to the natural distribution given in the respective Wikipedia pages.)

gallery

  • var. nobilis in Pomerania

  • Liverwort from the Süntel

  • var. nobilis with marbled leaves in northern Italy

  • var. pyrenaica / hispanica in Catalonia

  • Postage stamp from Moldova (2008)

  • var. pyrenaica / hispanica color hybrids in Catalonia

  • var. japonica color and leaf variations

  • var. americana in Wisconsin (USA)

swell

literature

  • Eva Dreyer, Wolfgang Dreyer: The Kosmos forest guide. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, 1990, ISBN 3-440-05981-2 .
  • Angelika Lüttig: Rosehip & Co. Fauna-Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 .
  • Bertram Münker: Wildflowers of Central Europe. Mosaik-Verlag, 1982, ISBN 3-570-01141-0 .
  • Dankwart Seidel: Photo plant guide. BLV-Verlag, 1985, ISBN 3-405-13087-5 .
  • Hans Simon, Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht: The outdoor ornamental perennials. Volume 1, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6 .
  • H. Dietrich, W. Heinrich: early bloomers around Jena. EchinoMedia-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-937107-15-8 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Hepatica nobilis Schreb., Gewöhnliches Leberblümchen. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c J. Krejca, A. Jakobova: Rock garden plants. VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-331-00185-6 , p. 178.
  3. ↑ K. Förster: Blue treasure of the gardens. Neumann Verlag, Leipzig / Radebeul 1989, ISBN 3-7402-0068-5 .
  4. ↑ KG Lutz (Ed.): J. Sturms Flora von Deutschland […] Volume 5, 2nd edition. Stuttgart 1907, p. 295 f.
  5. ↑ Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Hagebutte & Co. 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 , p. 290.
  6. ^ William John Cooper Lawrence, James Robert Price, Gertrude Maud Robinson, Robert Robinson: The Distribution of Anthocyanins in Flowers, Fruits and Leaves. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. Volume 230, No. 567, 1939, pp. 149-178.
  7. ↑ Ola Inghe, Carl Olof Tamm: Survival and Flowering of Perennial Herbs. IV. The Behavior of Hepatica Nobilis and Sanicula Europaea on Permanent Plots during 1943–1981 . In: Oikos . tape 45 , no. 3 , 1985, pp. 400-420 , doi : 10.2307 / 3565576 .
  8. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory for the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae. III. Part, Book 1: Uredinales. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2000, p. 31.
  9. ^ Sara B. Hoot, Anton A. Reznicek, Jeffrey D. Palmer: Phylogenetic Relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) Based on Morphology and Chloroplast DNA. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 19, No. 1, 1994, pp. 169-200.
  10. ↑ Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen: Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. 94th edition. 2009.
  11. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 301 .
  12. ^ F. Ehrendorfer, R. Samuel: Contributions to a molecular phylogeny and systematics of Anemone and related genera (Ranunculaceae-Anemoninae). In: Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. Volume 39, 2001, pp. 293–307 (PDF)
  13. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . 1, 1753, p. 538. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  14. ↑ a b Hepatica nobilis SCHREBER. In: Spicilegium florae Lipsicae. 39, 1771. Leipzig (9 Jul-25 Oct 1771)
  15. ↑ a b c Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 2 : Yew family to butterfly family . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  16. ↑ Martin Nebel: Ranunculaceae, buttercups. In: Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Phillippi (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume I, Eugen Ulmer Verlag, 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 .
  17. ↑ Erich Oberdorfer: Plant-sociological excursion flora. 7th edition. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, 1994.
  18. ↑ Hermann Cordes : Das Leberblümchen - the flower of the year 2013. In: Heimat-Rundblick . History, culture, nature. No. 104, 1/2013 ( spring 2013 ). Druckerpresse-Verlag, ISSN 2191-4257 , p. 28.  
  19. ↑ Armin Jagel: Hepatica nobilis - Leberblümchen In: Yearbook Bochumer Botanischer Verein. 5, 2014, pp. 191-196.
  20. ^ Hunnius Pharmaceutical Dictionary. 8th edition. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-11-015793-4 .
  21. ^ List of varieties of liverwort. Retrieved February 24, 2017 .
  22. ^ MD Myers: Interesting facts about the kind Hepatica. Perennial nursery Peters, accessed on February 24, 2017 .
  23. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 28. (online)
  24. ↑ Dezhi and Robinson In: Flora of China. Volume 6, 2001, p. 328. (efloras.org)
  25. ↑ Hepatica nobilis var. Asiatica Schreb. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , p. 328.
  26. ↑ a b BJM Zonneveld: Genome Sizes in Hepatica Mill: (Ranunculaceae) Show a Loss of DNA, Not a Gain, in Polyploids. In: Journal of Botany. Volume 2010, Hindawi Publ.doi: 10.1155 / 2010/758260
  27. ^ Flora of North America efloras.org
  28. ^ Flora of North America efloras.org

further reading

  • Michael Alexander Commichau: Hepatica: Current overview of the genus. supplemented edition. Self-published, Suhl 2007, DNB 986355690 .
  • MD Myers: Interesting facts about the species Hepatica. ( accessed online February 24, 2017)
  • Jürgen Peters: Hepatica - liverwort a passion . Self-published, OCLC 916667481 .

Web links

Commons : Liverworts  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Hepatica  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations