Foliage rhythm

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plants are differentiated according to their foliage rhythm or leaf persistence . The lifespan of the leaves has a significant influence on the production of substances and thus on the competitiveness of the plant. Some authors differentiate between seasonal greens and evergreens and differentiate between permanent, alternating and partially evergreen plants. Other authors make a classification according to pre-summer green, deciduous green, hibernating green and evergreen. In addition, depending on the area of ​​distribution and location of plants, there are other terms that describe the adaptation of the foliage rhythm to specific environmental conditions.

Seasonal or alternating green plants

The names are made differently by authors. The spring greens designated by Jäger & Werner are called pre-summer green by Klotz & Kühn . In contrast to Jäger & Werner, Klotz & Kühn also set the autumn-spring green species to the wintering green species. The reason for this is that the foliage rhythm is comparable. According to the authors, there are only differences in terms of overall lifespan as annual wintering or perennial species.

Crocus : spring green plant

Spring- green , pre-summer green plants are characterized by foliage from early spring to early summer with unleaf summer to winter dormancy. New roots and subterranean shoots are only formed again in autumn. Typical plants are the snowdrop or the crocus .

Deciduous , cold bare or winter-deciduous, winter dormant plants form only in the warmer months, in the spring or early summer until fresh leaves and lose it again in the late fall, regardless of whether frost occurs. Some of these, such as the bleeding heart, shed their leaves in early summer (spring-summer green).

Hibernating green , deciduous or deciduous, summer dormant plants sprout in autumn and the leaves die off at the end of spring or in early summer (autumn-spring green or early summer green). So they stay green (evergreen) through the winter. For example the autumn cyclamen ( Cyclamen hederifolium ) or the crocus-like autumn gold cup ( Sternbergia lutea ). Some grape hyacinths or the Italian ahron rod belong to the autumn- spring greens , the oriental poppy belongs to the autumn-early summer greens .

Hibernating green plants are mostly geophytes in northern and central European latitudes and show a growth rhythm that is characteristic of Mediterranean plants.

It is also possible to use rain-green , dry bald plants that are adapted to the rainy season and periodically shed their leaves so that they are bare during the dry season.

Other combinations

However, various other combinations are also possible:

  • only in spring , plants that are only green in or partially in spring
  • Spring-early summer greens , spring to early summer
  • Spring-deciduous , spring to late summer
  • Spring-summer-autumn green plants which die in autumn and winter
  • Spring-autumn-evergreen with a summer rest period
  • Summer-autumn green , with foliage in late summer to late autumn
  • Summer-evergreen plants, with a short summer and winter dormant period, leaves appearing in late autumn or winter die off in spring, early summer, here only the basal leaf parts or the entire, late leaves are green until winter. This can be optional or mandatory.
  • Autumn greenery here the plants are green only in autumn
  • Semi-winter green, late or winter deciduous plants, they are leafy until midwinter.

There are also plants that develop two different shoots, e.g. B. deciduous and evergreen (heteroptosis).

Evergreen plants

Small evergreen : permanent evergreen plant

Evergreen plants are leafy in all seasons and have green leaves. Most evergreen plants shed their last year's leaves after they have sprouted. An example of this year-round evergreen foliage rhythm is the liverwort , whose old foliage dies shortly after the new leaves have sprout. Alternating evergreen plants, such as the daisy , are characterized by the fact that they constantly regenerate their foliage. As part - or semi-evergreen plant is called such, their foliage of environmental influences yield depends partly or entirely. The loss of leaves can vary in length. An example are plants that keep late autumn leaves in mild winters, but die off completely above ground under the influence of heavy frosts (optional wintergreens). The gold lark spur belongs to this group .
Permanent evergreen plants, such as the little evergreen, keep their foliage for two or more years.

Year-round evergreen plants are sometimes referred to as partially evergreen because they shed their leaves after the winter when they sprout, as in principle the permanently green plants are also referred to as (evergreen).

literature

  • Eckehardt J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler excursion flora from Germany. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants , Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-50419-2 , p. 33 f.
  • Eckehart J. Jäger u. a. (Ed.): Rothmaler - excursion flora from Germany. 21st edition, Springer, 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-49707-4 , p. 20.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Online excerpt ( memento of the original from January 24, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Stefan Klotz, Ingolf Kühn: Blattmerkmale, series for vegetation studies, volume 38, 2002, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Pages 119 to 126 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.ufz.de
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Eckehardt J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants , Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-50419-2 , p. 33 f.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Vladimir G. Onipchenko: Alpine Ecosystems in the Northwest Caucasus. Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-90-481-6649-7 , pp. 141 f.
  4. ^ Peter Mertz: Plant communities of Central Europe and the Alps. Ecomed, 2000, ISBN 978-3-609-69980-6 , p. 41.
  5. ↑ Series of publications for vegetation science. Volumes 36–39, Federal Institute for Vegetation Science, Nature Conservation and Landscape Management, 2002 p. 123.
  6. ^ August Ginzberger, Josef Stadlmann: Plant Geographical Aid Book. Springer, 1939, ISBN 978-3-7091-5234-8 , p. 121.
  7. ↑ a b c G. Nakhutsrishvili, O. Abdaladze, K. Batsatsashvili et al .: Plant Diversity in the Central Great Caucasus. Springer, 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-55776-2 , p. 62.
  8. ↑ a b E. Biondi, J.-M. Gehu, F. Pedrotti: Fitodinamica: i differenti aspetti della dinamica vegetale Volume 24 by Colloques phytosociologiques, Cramer, 1996, ISBN 978-3-443-70013-3 , p. 382.
  9. ^ AK van Setten, J. Koek-Noorman: Bibliotheca Botanica. Volume 17 of Studies in Annonaceae, Schweizerbart, 1992, p. 150.
  10. ^ Reports on Biochemistry and Biology. Volume 398, 1974, p. 135.
  11. ^ Reports on Biochemistry and Biology. Volume 333, 1970, p. 293.
  12. ↑ a b Communications of the German Dendrological Society. No. 86, DDG, 2001.
  13. ↑ Canadian Journal of Botany. Volume 62, National Research Council of Canada, 1984, p. 2552.
  14. ↑ a b Semi Evergreen Vs. Evergreen on SFGate News, accessed February 3, 2018.
  15. ↑ a b Deciduous at New World Encyclopedia, accessed February 3, 2018.
  16. ↑ Rainer Matyssek, Jörg Fromm u. a .: biology of trees. Ulmer, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8001-2840-2 , p. 92.