Turkish poppy seeds

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Turkish poppy seeds
Turkish poppy (Papaver orientale)

Turkish poppy ( Papaver orientale )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
Subfamily : Papaveroideae
Genre : Poppy seeds ( papaver )
Type : Turkish poppy seeds
Scientific name
Papaver orientale
L.

The Turkish poppy ( Papaver orientale ) is a species of plant from the poppy family (Papaveraceae). It is also known under the names of oriental poppies , oriental poppies , garden poppies , perennial poppies and fire poppies .

This type of plant with the large red flowers is native to Iran , Eastern Turkey and the Caucasus . It is a popular ornamental plant around the world and there are a number of cultivars for this purpose . It differs from the closely related and very similar-looking medicinal poppy (Armenian poppy) (papaver bracteatum) mainly through its strong orange-red flower color. The three to eight bracteoles, which are typical of medicinal poppy seeds, are also missing directly below the sepals . This does not mean the leaves that are attached directly to the flower stalk, which can also appear directly below the flower in oriental poppies.

description

The Turkish poppy is a perennial , herbaceous plant and reaches heights of up to 100 centimeters. He has a taproot. From the basal leaf rosette grow several upright or ascending stems with leaves at three to six nodes . The gray-green leaves are stalked, 10 to 25 cm long in the rosette, and shorter on the stem. The pinnate leaves are divided into lanceolate parallel segments and sawed. The stems and leaves are hairy with long white bristles.

At the end of the stems there is a nodding or upright bowl-shaped flower with a diameter of 10 to 15 centimeters. The two broad obovate sepals are between 5 and 8 centimeters long. The, like parchment paper, wrinkled, orange-red to red petals often have a black spot ("wider than long") on the base. To the upper permanent ovary close the dark sitting stamens with the blackish violet anthers . When viewed from above, the ovary has six to nine furry rays. The hermaphrodite flowers are pollinated by insects or they pollinate themselves . The flowering period extends from May to June.

The seeds escape from the spherical to egg-shaped 2 to 3 cm long pore capsules through openings under the lid when the stems sway in the wind. The seeds ripen in July to August. It spreads via the wind ( anemochory ).

The Turkish poppy is very similar to the medicinal poppy ( Papaver bracteatum ), but this one is larger and differs significantly in terms of size

  • the 3–8 bracts directly below the sepals. With the oriental poppy these are not present. This does not mean the foliage leaves that are sometimes attached to the flower stalk directly below the sepals, which are also occasionally found in the oriental poppy.
  • the more orange-red flower of the oriental poppy compared to the deep red of the flower of the medicinal poppy
  • the less robust handle
  • in the oriental poppy the flower buds are slightly nodding (in the medicinal poppy they are always upright). The fully developed flower stands upright in both species.

The distribution areas of the oriental poppy and medicinal poppy overlap in some places. This is where natural hybrids are formed. The oriental poppy is less robust.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28, less often 42.

  • Whole plant

  • Nodding bud

  • Flower (double variety)

  • Flower detail with black spots

  • Immature seed pod

  • Papaver orientale

  • Occurrence in Nagorno-Karabakh

  • Occurrence in Nagorno-Karabakh

Occurrence

The Turkish poppy is native to northeast Turkey , northwest Iran and the Caucasus in Armenia , Azerbaijan and Georgia . It grows on rocky limestone slopes and mountain meadows at altitudes between 500 and 2500 meters.

use

Cultivars of this type of plant are used worldwide as an ornamental plant, often also crosses with the very similar medicinal poppy ( Papaver bracteatum ). This means that there are many varieties in other flower colors and sepals. It is sown from March to April in a sunny spot with a soil without many nutrients.

The milky juice of the capsule fruit contains up to 3% alkaloids , the most important representatives of which are oripavin and thebaine . Both are structurally related to morphine , which, however, could not be detected in the plant itself. Codeine and other analgesics can be produced industrially from the alkaloid thebaine .

The Narcotics Act prohibits the unauthorized cultivation and distribution of all parts of the plant. With the first ordinance (1. BtMÄndV) in 1984, the use as an ornamental plant and the free distribution of the seeds were approved.

history

The first plants came to Central Europe after Caspar Commelin in 1706 and Carl von Linné in 1748 through Joseph Pitton de Tournefort , who had traveled to Eastern Turkey in 1701 and collected the plant near Erzurum . The plant shown in Tournefort (1706) is, however, Papaver pseudo-orientale .

literature

  • Cabbage & Beets (July 2012)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ sysTax of the university. Ulm, accessed February 2008
  2. ↑ a b Masako Aragane, Daisuke Watanabe et al .: Rapid identification of a narcotic plant Papaver bracteatum using flow cytometry In: J Nat Med (2014) 68: 677-685, ( [1] )
  3. ^ A b Peter Goldblatt : Biosystematic Studies in Papaver Section Oxytona. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 61, No. 2, 1974, pp. 264–296, ( [2] )
  4. ↑ Papaver paucifoliatum at vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr (English)
  5. ^ Papaver orientale at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. ↑ B. Bös: GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium, accessed February 2008
  7. ^ Peter Goldblatt: Biosystematic Studies in Papaver Section Oxytona. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61/2, 1974, 278

Web links

Commons : Turkish Poppy ( Papaver orientale )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files