Poppies

Poppies
Corn poppy ( Papaver rhoeas )
Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta) Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina) Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Eudicotyledons Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales) Family : Poppies
Scientific name
Papaveraceae
Yuss.

The poppy family (Papaveraceae) are a family in the order of the buttercups (Ranunculales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida).

description

Illustration from Koehler's Medicinal Plants , 1887: Corn poppy . A lower part of the plant. B flowering branch. 1 stamen enlarged; 2 immature capsule enlarged; 3 the same enlarged in cross section; 4 full-size mature capsules; 5 seeds very much enlarged; 6 the same in longitudinal section

Vegetative characteristics

They are usually annual, biennial, perennial (rarely monocarpic ) or perennial herbaceous plants , rarely shrubs or trees . They usually contain milk juice .

The leaves are alternate. Stipules are usually not present.

Subfamily Papaveroideae: flower diagram of Glaucium flavum

Generative characteristics

The flowers stand together individually or in differently structured inflorescences.

The ever hermaphrodite flowers are sorted by subfamily radial symmetry or zygomorph double perianth (perianth). The two green or corolla-like sepals envelop the petals in a monostrophic manner to protect them in the budding stage (see flower diagram) and fall off when the flowers are opened. Open flowers seem to have only one bract circle . There are four petals . There are four, six or many stamens , depending on the subfamily . Two or more carpels are a top permanent ovary grown. The ovules are arranged in parietal placentation.

Capsule fruits are often formed.

Subfamily Papaveroideae Tribus Chelidonieae: Mexican tree poppy ( Bocconia frutescens )

Subfamily Papaveroideae Tribus Chelidonieae: Feather poppy ( Macleaya cordata )

Subfamily Papaveroideae Tribus Chelidonieae: American celandine poppy ( Stylophorum diphyllum )

Subfamily Papaveroideae Tribus Eschscholzieae: flowers of the California tree poppy ( Dendromecon rigida )

Subfamily Papaveroideae tribe Eschscholzieae: Eschscholzia minutiflora

Subfamily Papaveroideae Tribus Papavereae: Sheldon's poppy poppy ( Meconopsis × sheldonii ), cultivar 'Lingholm'

Subfamily Fumarioideae Tribus Fumarieae: Pink Larksporn ( Capnoides sempervirens )

Subfamily Fumarioideae Tribus Fumarieae: Golden Heart Flower ( Ehrendorferia chrysantha )

Subfamily Fumarioideae Tribus Fumarieae: Fine-lobed broad smoke ( Platycapnos tenuilobus )

Subfamily Fumarioideae Tribus Fumarieae: nine-leaved meat smoke ( Sarcocapnos enneaphylla ) in the subspecies subsp. saetabensis

Subfamily Fumarioideae Tribus Hypecoeae: prostrate lobes ( Hypecoum procumbens )

Subfamily Fumarioideae tribe Hypecoeae: Pteridophyllum racemosum

Systematics and distribution

The Papaveraceae family was set up in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , pp. 235-236. Type genus is Papaver L. Synonyms for Papaveraceae Juss. are: Chelidoniaceae Martinov , Eschscholziaceae Ser. , Fumariaceae Marquis , Hypecoaceae Willk. & Lange , Platystemonaceae Rchb. ex Lilja , Pteridophyllaceae Nakai ex Reveal & Hoogland .

The Papaveraceae family is divided into two subfamilies , the Papaveroideae and the Fumarioideae. The family includes about 41 genera with about 800 species.

Subfamily Papaveroideae A.Br. : The flowers are radial symmetry and contain many stamens. It is divided into three tribes (Chelidonieae, Eschscholzieae and Papavereae) and contains about 23 genera with about 230 species:

• Tribe Chelidonieae: It contains about nine genera:
  • Bocconia L .: The approximately nine woody species thrive in mountainous regions of the Neotropic , including:
    • Bocconia arborea Watson : It occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
    • Mexican tree poppy ( Bocconia frutescens L. ): It is native to Mexico to Panama and the Caribbean islands. In Hawaii and Mauritius he is a neophyte.
  • Chelidonium L. (including Coreanomecon Nakai ): It contains only two to three species, including:
    • Greater celandine ( Chelidonium majus L. )
  • Dicranostigma Hook. f. & Thomson : It contains three types in Asia:
    • Asian horn poppy or Franchet dicranostigma ( Dicranostigma franchetianum (Prain) Fedde ): It thrives on limestone or phyllite sand at altitudes between 1725 and 1850 meters in Yunnan and Sichuan .
    • Himalayan horn poppy or lettuce dicranostigma ( Dicranostigma lactucoides Hook. F. & Thoms. ): It thrives at altitudes between 2700 and 4300 meters in the Himalayas and Transhimalaya from Garhwal to Nepal and southeastern Tibet .
    • Fine-stemmed horn poppy or thin-stemmed dicranostigma ( Dicranostigma leptopodum (Maxim.) Fedde ): It thrives at altitudes of 3600 meters in China from southern Tibet via Qinghai and Yunnan to southern Hebei and northern and western Henan.
  • Eomecon Hance : It contains only one type:
    • Snow poppy ( Eomecon chionantha Hance ): It is native to eastern China.
  • Horn poppy ( Glaucium Mill. ): Contains around 20 to 25 species in Eurasia .
  • Hylomecon Maxim. : With the only kind:
    • Forest poppy ( Hylomecon japonica (Thunb.) Prantl ): It is widespread in Asia (China, Japan, Korea).
  • Feather poppy ( Macleaya R.Br. ): There are only two species in Asia:
    • White poppy ( Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br. ): It is native to China, Taiwan and Japan.
    • Ocher-colored feather poppy ( Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde ): The home is China.
    • plus the hybrid between the two species: Macleaya × kewensis Turrill ( Macleaya cordata × Macleaya microcarpa )
  • Sanguinaria L .: There is only one species:
    • Canadian bloodroot ( Sanguinaria canadensis L. ): It occurs in Canada and the USA and is called "bloodroot" there.
  • Greater celandine poppy ( Stylophorum Nutt. ): Of the only three species, one occurs in North America and two in China:
    • American celandine poppy ( Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. ): It occurs in the USA.
    • Chinese celandine poppy ( Stylophorum lasiocarpum (Olivier) Fedde ): It thrives at altitudes between 600 and 1800 meters in western Hubei, southern Shaanxi and eastern Sichuan.
    • Stylophorum sutchuenense (Franchet) Fedde : It occurs only in China.

• Tribus Eschscholzieae: It contains three genera:
  • Tree poppy ( Dendromecon Benth. ): The only two species are common in western North America:
    • Harfords tree poppy ( Dendromecon harfordii Kellogg ; Syn .: Dendromecon rigida . Subsp harfordii (Kellogg) PHRaven ): He is California (Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa Islands) home.
    • California tree poppy ( Dendromecon rigida Benth. ): It is native to California and Mexico.
  • Cap poppy ( Eschscholzia Cham. ): It contains about twelve species from the western United States to northwestern Mexico, for example:
    • California cap poppy , also called yellow poppy or gold poppy ( Eschscholzia californica Chamisso )
    • Narrow-leaved cap poppy ( Eschscholzia tenuifolia Hook. ): Home is California (Central Valley, Sierre Nevada).
  • Hunnemannia Sweet : it contains only one species:
    • Hunnemannia or Mexico poppy ( Hunnemannia fumariifolia Sweet ): It comes in Eastern Mexico in the dry highlands of Nuevo Leon to Oaxaca before.

• Tribus Papavereae: It contains about eleven genera:
  • Arctomecon Torr. & Frém. : The only three species occur in North America ( Mojave Desert ).
  • Argemone L .: It contains about 32 species in the New World and Hawaii, for example:
    • Mexican prickly poppy ( Argemone mexicana L. )
  • Canbya Parry ex A.Gray : The only two species occur in the western USA.
  • Meconella Nutt. : It contains only three species in western North America.
  • Mock poppy ( Meconopsis Vig. , Including Cathcartia Hook. F. , Cumminsia King ex Prain ): With around 54 species in Eurasia.
  • Poppy ( Papaver L. ): contains around 50 to 120 species, including:
    • Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.)
    • Corn poppy ( Papaver rhoeas L.)
  • Platystemon Benth. : It contains only one type:
    • Californian broad thread ( Platystemon californicus Benth. ): It is native to California.
  • Hesperomecon Greene (Syn .: Platystigma Benth. ): It contains only one species:
    • Evening poppy ( Hesperomecon linearis (Benth.) Greene ): It occurs in California.
  • Roemeria medic. : It contains only about three species in southwestern Europe, Asia, and North Africa, including:
    • Roemeria carica Baytop : Home is Asia Minor .
    • Bastard Roemerie ( Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. ): It is widespread from southern Europe across the Middle East to North Africa.
    • Asian spotted poppy ( Roemeria refracta DC. ): Its range includes Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia and China (Sinkiang).
  • Romneya Harv. : It contains only two species in California and Mexico, including:
    • California Poppy or Coulter-Romneya ( Romneya coulteri Harv. )
  • Stylomecon G.Taylor : It contains only one species:
    • Stylomecon heterophylla (Benth.) G.Taylor : It occurs in California and northwestern Mexico.

Subfamily Erdrauchgewächse (Fumarioideae Endl. , Syn .: Pteridophylloideae Murb. ): It is divided into two tribes and subtribes and contains (15 to) 21 genera with around 530 species. They have zygomorphic flowers and only four or six stamens:

• Tribus Fumarieae: It contains two sub-tribes:

  Subtribus Corydalinae: It contains eight genera:

  • Adlumia Raf. ex DC. : Of the only two species, one species occurs in Asia and one in eastern North America:
    • Double cap ( Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ): The home is Canada and the USA.
    • Adlumia asiatica Ohwi : It occurs in northeastern China, in Korea and in Russia's Far East.
  • Capnoides Mill .: It contains only one species:
    • Pink Larkspur or Harlequin Larkspur ( Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh. ): It occurs naturally only in North America and has been naturalized in one place in southern Norway for over 100 years.
  • Larkspur ( Corydalis DC. , Syn .: Cysticorydalis Fedde nom. Inval., Roborowskia Batalin ): It contains about 465 species.
  • Dactylicapnos Wall. : It contains about twelve species from the Himalayas to western China.
  • Heart flowers ( Dicentra Bernh. , Including Diclytra Borkh. ): It contains about 25 species.
  • Ehrendorferia Fukuhara & Lidén : The generic name honors the Austrian botanist Friedrich Ehrendorfer (born 1927): It contains only two species:
    • Golden Heart Flower ( Ehrendorferia chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Rylander ; Syn .: Dicentra chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Walp. ): The home is California and northern Mexico.
    • Ehrendorferia ochroleuca (Engelm.) Fukuhara : It occurs only in California.
  • Ichtyoselmis Lidén & Fukuhara : It contains only one species:
    • Ichtyoselmis macrantha (Oliv.) Lidén & Fukuhara : It is native to China.
  • Lamprocapnos Endl. : With the only kind:
    • Bleeding heart ( Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara ; Syn .: Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. ): It is originally only native to China and Korea:

  Subtribus Fumariinae: It contains eleven genera:

  • Ceratocapnos Durieu (including Dissosperma Soják ): It contains only three types, including:
    • Creeping Larkspur ( Ceratocapnos claviculata (L.) Lidén ): Home is Europe.
    • Ceratocapnos heterocarpa Durieu : It occurs in North Africa, in southern Spain and Portugal.
  • Cryptocapnos Rech. F. : It contains only one type:
    • Cryptocapnos chasmophyticus Rech. F. : It is based in Afghanistan.
  • Cysticapnos Mill. (Including Phacocapnos Bernh. ): It contains about three species only in South Africa.
  • Discocapnos Cham. & Schltdl. : It contains only one type:
    • Discocapnos mundtii Cham. & Schltdl. : It is based in South Africa.
  • Erdrauch ( Fumaria L. ): It contains about 55 species.
  • Fumariola Korsh. : It contains only one type:
    • Fumariola turkestanica Korsh. : It is native to Central Asia.
  • Breitrauch ( Platycapnos (DC.) Bernh. ): It contains about three species in Macaronesia and the western Mediterranean:
    • Platycapnos saxicola Willk. : The home is southern Spain and North Africa.
    • Platycapnos spicatus (L.) Bernh. : The homeland is in southwestern Europe (Spain, Portugal, France, Italy and Sicily)
    • Fine-lobed broad smoke ( Platycapnos tenuilobus Pomel ): Home is Spain, France and North Africa.
  • Translucent Corydalis ( Pseudofumaria Medik. ): It contains only two ways:
    • Pale yellow false lark spur ( Pseudofumaria alba (Mill.) Lidén ): It occurs with about three subspecies in Europe (Northern Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Northern Albania, Macedonia).
    • Yellow false lark spur or yellow lark spur ( Pseudofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh. ): The home is the Alps of Switzerland and Italy and it is naturalized in Western and Central Europe.
  • Rock smoke ( Rupicapnos pomel ): It contains at least seven species in Spain and North Africa, including:
    • African rock smoke ( Rupicapnos africana (Lam.) Pomel ): It occurs in several subspecies in Spain, Algeria and Morocco and thrives in columns of vertical limestone and sandstone rocks at altitudes between 500 and 1800 meters.
  • Meat smoke ( Sarcocapnos DC. ): Contains about four species in the Mediterranean, including:
    • Sarcocapnos baetica (Boiss. & Reuter) Nyman : It only occurs in Spain with two subspecies.
    • Sarcocapnos crassifolia (Desf.) DC. : It occurs with three subspecies only in Spain.
    • Nine-leaved meat smoke ( Sarcocapnos enneaphylla (L.) DC. ): The homeland is Morocco, Spain and France.
  • Trigonocapnos Schltr. : It contains only one type:
    • Trigonocapnos lichtensteinii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Lidén : It is native to South Africa.

• Tribe Hypecoeae: It contains only two genera with around 16 species:
  • Lobe flower ( Hypecoum L. ): It contains around 15 species in the Mediterranean and Asia, including Europe:
    • Beardless lobe flower ( Hypecoum imberbe Sm. ): It is native to Europe, Cyprus and the Caucasus.
    • Thin-fruited lobes ( Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook. F. & Thomson ): The distribution area is the Himalayas and southwestern China from western Tibet and Qinghai to Inner Mongolia.
    • Geläuglein or geläugelchen ( Hypecoum pendulum L. ): The home is Europe, Southwest Asia, Turkey, Northwest Africa.
    • Decumbent lobes ( Hypecoum procumbens L. ): The home is Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.
  • Pteridophyllum sieve. & Zucc. : It contains only one type:
    • Pteridophyllum racemosum Siebold & Zucc. : It is a Japanese species with fern-like pinnate leaves. The zygomorphic flowers contain two small sepals, four petals and only four stamens.

swell

• The family of Papaveraceae in APWebsite . (Sections systematics and description)

literature

• Mingli Zhang, Zhiyun Su, Magnus Lidén, Christopher Gray-Wilson: Papaveraceae s. l., p. 261 - the same text online as the printed work, In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 7 - Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press , Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
• Robert William Kiger: Papaveraceae s. l .: - online with the same text as the printed work, Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 3 - Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997, ISBN 0- 19-511246-6 . (Section description)
• Papaveraceae in the Flora of Pakistan . (English)
• Werner Greuter , HM Burdet, G. Long: Med-Checklist. Volume 4. Dicotyledones (Lauraceae-Rhamnaceae) . Pp. 269-295. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. 1989. ISBN 2-8277-0154-5 .
• Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos Mediterranean flora . Franckh-Kosmos-Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 .
• Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion flora from Germany. Volume 5. Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House. Berlin, Heidelberg 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
• Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Papaveraceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
2. ^ Asuman Baytop: A new Roemeria from Turkey , In: Notes Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh , Volume 41, 1983, p. 281.
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae. Volume 9 (Paeoniaceae to Capparaceae). Helsinki 1991, ISBN 951-9108-08-4 .
4. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]

Web links

Commons : Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Entries about Papaveraceae in Plants For A Future
• Description of the family Papaveraceae s. st. at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (English)
• Papaveraceae in The Encyclopedia of Live . (English)