Poppy seeds

Poppy seeds
	Cultivar Meconopsis 'Slieve Donard'
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
Order :	Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family :	Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
Subfamily :	Papaveroideae
Tribe :	Papavereae
Genre :	Poppy seeds
Scientific name
	Meconopsis
	Vig.

Mock poppy ( Meconopsis ) is a genus of plants in the poppy family (Papaveraceae). The blue-flowered species and varieties are also called blue poppies . The approximately 55 species have a distribution in the Sino-Himalaya region ; only one western European species differs from this.

description

Illustration of Meconopsis napaulensis

Flower of the Tibetan poppy ( Meconopsis betonicifolia ) with four petals, the many stamens and the ovary

Capsule fruits and seeds of the forest poppy ( Meconopsis cambrica )

Vegetative characteristics

Species of poppy poppies grow as annual to perennial, monocarpic or perennial herbaceous plants . The parts of the plant produce a yellow milky sap . In monocarpic species, thick or thickened tap roots with fiber roots are present or they have only fiber roots. The perennial species form rhizomes . If there is a recognizable stem , it may be branchy and leafy and it may be downy or bristly haired or glabrous.

The alternate and helically distributed on the stem and / or arranged in a basal rosette leaves are sessile stalked up. Sometimes the foliage leaves encompass the stems . The leaf blade can be pinnate to -part or simple. The leaf margins are smooth or serrated. The leaf surfaces are hairy or hairless. Stipules are missing.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are solitary or in racemose , paniculate or pseudo-gold inflorescences . The top flower is the first to open. Often the flower buds hang.

The relatively large, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and bowl or plate-shaped with a double flower envelope . The two (rarely three or four in the top flower) free, often bristly hairy sepals fall off when the flower opens. The color of the four to ten (rarely more) petals varies depending on the species from often blue to purple, sometimes pink to red or yellow, rarely white. The many free, fertile stamens are formed centripetally. The stamens are mostly linear. The anthers are often elongated. Three or more carpels have become a top permanent, single-chamber ovary grown, which is almost spherical, ovate, obovate or narrow-cylindrical. There are many ovules . On the ovary there are as many free styles as carpels, the styles are short to barely recognizable and end in heady to club-shaped scars.

Fruits and seeds

The fluffy to bristly hairy, prickly or bare capsule fruits are almost spherical, ovate, obovate, elliptical or cylindrical and contain many seeds. The capsule fruits have three to twelve (-18) fruit compartments, the segments of which are slightly lobed or they open from the tip towards the base on a third of their length or more. The egg-shaped, kidney-shaped, sickle-shaped-elongated or elongated seeds are smooth or longitudinally concave.

ecology

The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ).

Habit, leaves, flower buds and open flowers of the forest poppy ( Meconopsis cambrica )

Flowers of Meconopsis forrestii

Great poppy poppy ( Meconopsis grandis )

Bud and open flowers of the prickly poppy poppy ( Meconopsis horridula )

Flowers of the red poppy ( Meconopsis punicea )

Whole-leaved poppy poppy ( Meconopsis simplicifolia )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Meconopsis was established in 1814 by Louis Guillaume Alexandre Viguier in Histoire naturelle, médicale et économique des pavots et des argémones , p. 48. The type species is Meconopsis cambrica Vig. set. The generic name and type species were determined in 2013 by the “Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants”, published by Wendy Linn Applequis in Taxon , Vol. 62, 6, p. 1318. Synonyms for Meconopsis Vig. are Cathcartia Hook. f. and Cumminsia King ex Prain nom. inval.

The genus Meconopsis belongs to the tribe Papavereae in the subfamily of the Papaveroideae within the family of the Papaveraceae .

The approximately 55 species occur almost exclusively in the Sino-Himalaya region, from the Himalayas to western China. Only one species is native to Western Europe. About 43 species occur in China, 23 of them only there. 22 occur in Nepal, 11 of them only there, some of them locally endemic .

There are about 55 species in the genus Meconopsis :

Meconopsis aculeata Royle : It occurs in southwest Tibet , southwest India and Pakistan .
Meconopsis argemonantha Prain : It thrives at altitudes of 3700 to 4600 meters only in southwestern Tibet .
Meconopsis autumnalis P.A.Egan : It was first described in 2011. This endemic thrives on subalpine pastures, on alpine meadows, in forest clearings and along rivers at altitudes of 3300 to 4200 meters only in Nepal.
Meconopsis balangensis T.Yoshida, H.Sun & DEBoufford : It was first described in 2011 in Plant Diversity and Resources , Volume 33, p. 409. There are two known varieties that are endemic to the Chinese province of Sichuan . Meconopsis balangensis var. Balangensis at altitudes from 3600 to 4300 meters only in Balang Shan and Wenchuan and meconopsis balangensis var. Atrata at the boundary between xiaojin and Baoxing Xian at altitudes from 3950 to 4000 meters.

Meconopsis barbiseta C.Y.Wu & H.Chuang ex LHZhou : This endemic thrives on alpine meadows at altitudes of around 4400 meters only in Jigzhi in southeastern Qinghai .

Meconopsis bella Prain : It occurs in the Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan at altitudes of 3600 to 5300 meters.

Tibetan poppy poppy ( Meconopsis betonicifolia Franch. ): It occurs in southeastern Tibet (Cona, Mainling, Nyingchi), northwestern Yunnan and northern Myanmar .

Meconopsis biloba L.Z.An, SYChen & YSLian : It wasfirst describedin 2009 in Novon , Volume 19, p. 286. This endemic thrives on rock debris and rocky slopes at altitudes of around 3050 meters only in Lingtan in Gansu .

Forest poppy or Cambrian poppy ( Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig. ): It is the only Western European species. Belonging to the genus Papaver is being discussed; there he would have the name Papaver cambricum L. carry. It occurs in the British Isles and in Western Europe (on the Iberian Peninsula).

Meconopsis chankheliensis Gray-Wilson : It was first described in 2006. This endemic thrives in oak-fir forests, on rocks and along rivers at altitudes of 3100 to 4600 meters only in Nepal.

Meconopsis chelidoniifolia Bureau & Franch. : It thrives in the shade in the forest, on stream banks and roadsides at altitudes of 1400 to 2700 meters in northern and western Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan.

Meconopsis concinna Prain : It thrives on grassy slopes, under rhododendron bushes, mountain moorland and heather, forest edges at altitudes of 3300 to 4500 meters in southwest Sichuan, southeast Xizang and northwest Yunnan.

Lime poppy poppy ( Meconopsis delavayi (Franch.) Franch. Ex Prain ): This endemic thrives on grassy slopes, stabilized moraines and rocky mats at altitudes of 2700 to 4000 meters only from Heqing to Yulong Xueshan in northwestern Yunnan.

Dhwoj poppy poppy ( Meconopsis dhwojii G.Taylor ex Hay ): This endemic thrives in oak and fir forests, in rock crevices and along rivers at altitudes of 3600 to 4800 meters only in Nepal.

Meconopsis discigera Prain : The home is southern Tibet, Bhutan, Sikkim as well as central and eastern Nepal.

Meconopsis florindae Kingdon-Ward

Meconopsis forrestii Prain

Meconopsis ganeshensis Gray-Wilson : It was first described in 2006. This endemic thrives on meadows at altitudes of 3600 to 4600 meters only in Nepal.

Meconopsis georgei G.Taylor

Meconopsis gracilipes G.Taylor : This endemic thrives in meadows, on the edges of forests and along rivers at altitudes of 2400 to 4900 meters only in Nepal.

Great poppy poppy ( Meconopsis grandis Prain ): It occurs in Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet, and it is the national flower of Bhutan.

Meconopsis henrici Bureau & Franch.

Prickly Poppy ( Meconopsis horridula Hook. F. & Thomson , Syn .: Meconopsis horridula var. Typica Prain nom. Inval., Meconopsis racemosa Maxim. , Meconopsis prattii (Prain) Prain , Meconopsis sinuata var. Prattii Prain , Meconopsis rudis (Prain) Prain , Meconopsis horridula var. rudis Prain ): It grows at altitudes from 3,600 to 5,400 meters in the northeastern India, Bhutan, northern Myanmar, Nepal, Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, western Gansu and western Sichuan.

Meconopsis impedita Prain

Yellow-haired poppy poppy ( Meconopsis integrifolia (Maxim.) Franch. ): It occurs in China, Tibet and northern Myanmar.

Meconopsis lancifolia (Franch.) Franch. ex Prain

Meconopsis latifolia (Prain) Prain

Meconopsis lyrata (HACummins & Prain) Fedde ex Prain

Meconopsis manasluensis P.A.Egan : It was first described in 2011. This endemic thrives on alpine meadows rich in herbs and between bushes at altitudes of around 400 meters only in Nepal.

Meconopsis napaulensis DC. : This endemic thrives on meadows and along rivers at altitudes of 3200 to 4500 meters only in the Langtang region of the Nepalese Rasuwa district .

Meconopsis neglecta G.Taylor : It is only known from the type location in western Pakistan .

Meconopsis oliveriana Franch. & Prain ex Prain

Panicles-Poppy ( Meconopsis paniculata (D.Don) Prain , Syn .: Meconopsis paniculata var. Elata Prain ): He comes in the eastern Himalayas and the Tibetan highlands of Nepal to the south-eastern Tibet at altitudes from 2700 to 5000 meters in front.

Meconopsis pinnatifolia C.Y.Wu & H.Chuang ex LHZhou : It thrives at altitudes of 3600 to 4900 meters in Nepal and in the Tibetan highlands.

Meconopsis primulina Prain

Meconopsis pseudohorridula C.Y.Wu & H.Chuang

Meconopsis pseudointegrifolia Prain

Meconopsis pseudovenusta G.Taylor

Red poppy poppy ( Meconopsis punicea Maxim. ): It occurs in Tibet.

Carpet poppy or five-nerved poppy ( Meconopsis quintuplinervia rule ): It occurs in Tibet and western China.

Meconopsis rebeccae H.S Debnath & Nayar

Magnificent poppy poppy ( Meconopsis regia G.Taylor ): This endemic thrives on alpine meadows and in low shrubs at altitudes of 3000 to 4300 meters only in Nepal.

Meconopsis robusta Hook. f. & Thomson : It occurs in Nepal and in the western Himalayas.

Gravel poppy or whole-leaved poppy ( Meconopsis simplicifolia (D.Don) Walp. ): It occurs in Nepal and Tibet at altitudes of 3300 to 5800 meters.

Meconopsis sinuata Prain : It occurs in the Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan at altitudes of 2400 to 3500 meters.

Meconopsis sinomaculata Gray-Wilson

Meconopsis smithiana (Hand.-Mazz.) G.Taylor ex Hand.-Mazz.

Meconopsis speciosa Prain

Silver poppy poppy ( Meconopsis superba King ex Prain ): It occurs in Bhutan and Tibet.

Meconopsis taylorii L.HJWilliams : This endemic thrives in open meadows at altitudes of 3600 to 4600 meters only in Nepal.

Meconopsis tibetica Gray-Wilson

Meconopsis torquata Prain

Meconopsis venusta Prain

Shaggy poppy poppy or hairy poppy poppy ( Meconopsis villosa (Hook. F.) G.Taylor ): It occurs in the eastern Himalayas from eastern Nepal to Bhutan at altitudes of 1500 to 3200 meters.

Meconopsis violacea Kingdon-Ward : It occurs in Tibet and Myanmar.

Meconopsis wallichii Hook. (Syn .: Meconopsis wallichii var. Fuscopurpurea Hook. F. ): It thrives at altitudes of 3100 to 4300 meters in Nepal and the eastern Himalayas.

Meconopsis wilsonii Gray-Wilson

Meconopsis wumungensis K.M.Feng & H.Chuang

Meconopsis zangnanensis L.H.Zhou

Flower of the cultivar Meconopsis 'Lingholm'

use

Some varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. The seeds of Meconopsis grandis are roasted or eaten pickled. An oil is obtained from the seeds of Meconopsis napaulensis . The medicinal effects of Meconopsis aculeata and Meconopsis napaulensis were studied.

swell

Entry in the Flora of Pakistan . (Section description)
Mingli Zhang, Christopher Gray-Wilson: Meconopsis. , Pp. 262–275 - the same text online as the printed work, In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 7 - Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press , Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8 . (Sections Description and Distribution)
JC Carolan, IL Hook, MW Chase, JW Kadereit, TR Hodkinson: Phylogenetics of Papaver and Related Genera Based on DNA Sequences from ITS Nuclear Ribosomal DNA and Plastid trnL Intron and trnL – F Intergenic Spacers , In: Annals of Botany , Volume 98, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 141-155.
Paul A. Egan, Sangita Shrestha: Meconopsis. - Link to full text PDF. in Flora of Nepal , Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, 2012.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Saiyad Masudal Hasan Jafri, Mohammad Qaiser: Papaveraceae. : Meconopsis at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, same text online as: Flora of West Pakistan , Volume 61 Stewart Herbarium, Gordon College (et al.), Rawalpindi 1974.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Mingli Zhang, Christopher Gray-Wilson: Meconopsis in der Flora of China , Volume 7, 2008, pp. 262–275: the same text online as the printed work .
↑ ^a ^b Meconopsis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved August 26, 2017.
^ ^A ^b ^c Meconopsis in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 2012.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Paul A. Egan, Sangita Shrestha: Meconopsis. - Link to full text PDF. in Flora of Nepal , Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, 2012.
^ Entry in the Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
↑ Françoise Pommaret: Bhutan . Edition Earth • Travel Guide. 11th edition. Edition Temmen , Bremen 2013, ISBN 978-3-86108-810-3 , pp. 39 .
↑ Meconopsis grandis at Plants For A Future
↑ ^a ^b Meconopsis napaulensis at Plants For A Future
^ Meconopsis aculeata in Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Poppy ( Meconopsis ) - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Meconopsis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis