Heart flowers
| Heart flowers | ||||||||||||
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Far Eastern Heart Flower ( Dicentra peregrina ) |
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| Dicentra | ||||||||||||
| Bernh. |
The heart flowers ( Dicentra ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the fume family (Fumarioideae). The genus gets its German name from the characteristic flower shape . Many species are widely used as ornamental plants .
description
Heart flowers are annual or perennial , herbaceous plants . The stem axis is upright if present and is simple or branched. In mature plants, it is hollow. Sometimes the stem axis is completely absent and there are only basal leaves , the inflorescence then stands on a leafless stem. The number of chromosomes is n = 8.
The roots are tap roots . Many species form tubers , bulbs or rhizomes as permanent organs.
The leaves are basal or sit on the stem. They are composed. The blade consists of two to four orders of feathers or lobes. The leaf margins are whole, notched or serrate. The leaf surface is glabrous and sometimes gray-green, frosted.
The inflorescences can be axillary, opposite to the leaves or terminal. They are single-flowered or multi-flowered and thyrsoid , panicle-like or umbrella-like. The flowers are axially symmetrical to both vertical planes of symmetry. The sepals fall off at an early stage of anthesis .
The crown is heart-shaped and elongated in silhouette. The petals are connected or only fused at the base. They are not porous. The outer petals are both swollen or basal spurred. The tips are keeled in almost all species. The interiors are arched, spoon-shaped or arrow-shaped, their pointed basal ends are linear or lanceolate.
The stamens are in bundles or circles. The middle filament carries nectar-forming tissue , it is often bent over and points to the swollen base of the opposite outer petal. The ovary is broadly ovate or obovate to narrowly cylindrical. The scar is persistent with two lobes or horns, less often with two lateral papillae .
The capsule fruits are tearing open or not tearing with 2 blades. They are many or not very seedy. Elaiosomes are usually present.
distribution
The genus is of course native to the temperate zones of North America and East Asia. Due to the wide distribution of many species as ornamental plants, there are many neophytic occurrences, especially in Europe.
Systematics
The heart flower genus includes 12 species. It is difficult to differentiate from the closely related genus Dactylicapnos , and many species were only separated from Dicentra in the last few years (after 2000) and placed in the genus Dactylicapnos . As early as 1997 the tearful heart ( Lamprocapnos spectabilis ) was spun off as a separate genus. The species of the new genus Ehrendorferia , Ehrendorferia chrysantha and Ehrendorferia ochroleuca Fukuhara , were previously included in the genus Dicentra . The remaining species of the genus are:
- Canadian heart flower ( Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. ); Home: Canada, USA
- Golden yellow heart flower ( Dicentra chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Walp. ), Now also part of Ehrendorferia chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Rylander , home: Southern Oregon, California
- Hooded Heart Flower ( Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. ), Origin: Canada and USA
- Dwarf heart flower ( Dicentra eximia (Ker Gawl.) Torr. ), Native to the USA (from Georgia to New York), also occurs naturally in Scotland
- American heart flower or Pacific heart flower ( Dicentra formosa (Haw.) Walp. ), Native to western North America, also naturalized in Europe (Great Britain, Denmark, the Netherlands)
- Large-flowered heart flower ( Dicentra macrantha Oliv .; Is also placed in the genus Ichtyoselmis as I. macrantha (Oliv.) Lidén ), native to China, northern Myanmar, occurs in moist meadows and forests at altitudes between 1500 and 2700 meters
- Dicentra nevadensis Eastw. , Homeland: California
- Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm. , now also placed in Ehrendorferia ochroleuca (Engelm.) Fukuhara , home: California
- Dicentra pauciflora S. Watson , Origin: California
- Far Eastern heart flower ( Dicentra peregrina (Rudolph) Makino ), homeland: Amur region, Sakhalin, Japan, Kamchatka, Chukchi peninsula
- Dicentra uniflora Kellogg , native to western North America
- Dicentra ventii Khánh , homeland: India
etymology
The botanical name is derived from the Greek word δικεντρόω, dikentros (= two-spurred) after the two outer, spurred sepals.
use
Almost all species of the genus are popular as ornamental plants .
Most fumarium plants ( Fumarioideae ) contain large amounts of isoquinolines . The heart flowers have over 35 different compounds of this group of substances. Some species have been used medicinally for this reason. In the past, for example, ointments for various skin diseases were prepared from the onions of the Canadian heart flower ( Dicentra canadensis ) and the hooded heart flower ( Dicentra cucullaria ).
Cattle seem to avoid heart flowers and only eat them when there is no other food available.
swell
- Kingsley R. Stern: Dicentra . In: Flora of North America . tape 3 . Oxford University Press, New York 1997, ISBN 978-0-19-511246-7 (English, online [accessed November 24, 2008]).
- Dicentra. In: Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden, accessed November 24, 2008 .
- Walter Erhardt u. a .: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
- Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion flora from Germany . Volume 5. Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House. Berlin, Heidelberg 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Magnus Lidén, Tatsundo Fukuhara, Johan Rylander, Bengt Oxelman: Phylogeny and classification of Fumariaceae, with emphasis on Dicentra sl, based on the plastid gene rps16 intron . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution . tape 206 , no. 1-4 , March 1997, pp. 411-420 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00987960 .
- ↑ a b Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 9 (Paeoniaceae to Capparaceae). Page 64, Helsinki 1991. ISBN 951-9108-08-4
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 206 (reprint from 1996).