Liverwort (genus)

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Hepatica
Liverwort (Hepatica nobilis)

Liverwort ( Hepatica nobilis )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Anemoneae
Genre : Hepatica
Scientific name
Hepatica
Mill.

The genus of the liverwort ( Hepatica ) belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The genus comprises 7 species with occurrences in Europe, Asia and North America. All species are perennial, low shrubs with a leaf rosette that is often visible all year round. They bloom in early spring or at the beginning of the growing season in higher mountain areas. The flower color is often a striking azure blue (H. nobilis var. Nobilis). There are blue, pink, violet or white flowering plants, very rarely also with double flowers. Some botanists include the genus Hepatica in the genus Anemone (more on this in the section on systematics). The name Hepatica as well as the German name Leberblümchen refers to the shape of the leaves, which are reminiscent of the shape of the human liver . According to the doctrine of signatures, people believed in the healing power of liverworts for liver diseases. The liverworts are common in the northern hemisphere. Large-flowered species and hybrids are popular garden plants, especially in Japan, where they have been cultivated in numerous color variants and flower shapes since the 18th century.

description

The liverworts are perennial , herbaceous plants . Basal leaves arise from the dense rhizome . The leaf blade is divided into three to five lobes and incised up to half of the blade. The leaves are entire or toothed. The hermaphroditic single flowers are at the end directly above the three calyx-like , green bracts ( involucre ), which protect the flower buds and thus take over the protective function of the missing calyx. The flowers are radial symmetry with numerous stamens and numerous free carpels .

The seeds of liverworts are mainly spread by ants (so-called myrmecochory ). As is typical for myrmekochore plants, the diaspores have a nutrient-rich appendage, an elaiosome , which serves as an attractant and nutrient body. The elaiosome is intended for consumption only. Ants carry the diaspores into their burrow due to their elaiosome appendages, where they separate the elaiosome from the diaspore. The seed is then removed from the burrow and placed on the trash heap of the respective colony. The seed usually finds ideal germination conditions there and is several meters away from the mother plant. Hepatica reproduces both by division and by seeds. The young plants need several years to flower. With undisturbed growth, dense stands form after years. In the natural habitat, Hepatica often grows in the humus layer on loamy, calcareous forest soils (Franconia, Thuringia) but also on sandy soils (Mecklenburg, Brandenburg). It prefers shady to partially shaded locations.

Systematics

There are two views on the systematic position of the liverwort. On the one hand, phylogenetic investigations speak in favor of an integration into a broad genus of the Anemone sl . However, this would mean that all Anemoninae are combined into one genus. On the other hand, there are certainly reasons for the genus Anemone sl to be split into several genera. For example, the species in the genus Hepatica have a reduced basic chromosome number x = 7 (compared to x = 8 for the anemones in the narrower sense). Due to a lack of sufficient genetic studies, the classification within the genus Hepatica is also confused and unclear. Depending on the author, the genus contains between four and twelve species, two of which occur in Europe.

species

The known Hepatica species can be divided into two series with regard to the leaf shape. The leaves of the series Triloba ( Ulbr. ) Tamura : The three-lobed and always ganzrandig contrast, the series angulosa Tamura are three serrated to five lobes and the leaf margin is usually (Ulbr.)

Surname Common name / synonym image distribution annotation
Section Triloba:
leaves three-lobed and entire		 Anemone hepatica in Jardin botanique de la Charme.jpg Hepatica nobilis kz1.jpg
Hepatica nobilis L. Common Hepatica , Common Hepatica Blåsippor på Gotland 2.jpg Europe, East Asia, N America
var. nobilis
(type style)		 Common liverwort HepaticaNoblis.jpg From Scandinavia to the Alps and the Pyrenees. Light beech and oak forests with calcareous, base-rich loamy soils are preferred as locations. In the Alps it rises to altitudes of 2200 meters.
f pyrenaica Pyrenees Hepatica ANEMONE HEPATICA - MONTCALB.JPG Spain, France marbled leaves
var. asiatica (Syn. Hepatica asiatica ) East china Forests and grassy slopes from 700 to 1100 m.
var. insularis (Syn. Hepatica insularis ) Korea - Cheju Island / Cheju-do *) and on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula in deciduous forests.
var. japonica (Syn. Hepatica japonica ) Anemone hepatica var. Japonica color variation.JPG Japan Japanese islands main island Honshu, island Shikoku, in the north of the island Kyushu.
var. pubescens (Syn. Hepatica pubescens ). This is the only tetraploid breed (chromosome number 2n = 28).
var. acuta (Syn. Hepatica acutiloba , Anemone acutiloba ) Anemone acutiloba 1250.jpg eastern North America, pointed leaves and occurrence on lime.
var. obtusa (Syn. Hepatica americana , Anemone americana ) Hepatica nobilis Schreb. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm Roundlobe hepatica.tiff eastern north america rounded leaves and occurrence on acidic soil.
Zonneveld combines the four East Asian races from Hepatica nobilis to Hepatica asiatica and the two North American races to Hepatica americana .
Hepatica maxima (NAKAI) Giant liver flowers South Korea endemic to Ulleungdo Island . In the frost-free climate, plants with the largest leaves and flowers in this genus were formed. Hepatica maxima is diploid with chromosome number 2n = 14.
Series angulosa (ULBR.) Tamura:
leaves three to five lobed, serrated leaf margin usually		 Hepatica transsylvanica Brno2.JPG
Anemone falconeri
 (T. THOMSON) YUZ.)
 Cashmere liverwort, ( Syn.Hepatica falconeri ) Central Asia (India: Northwest Himalayas (Himachal-Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir); Northwest China (Tienschan); Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (Pamir-Alai); North Pakistan, Kazakhstan (North Tienshan)

Mountain forests at altitudes up to 3100 m. Morphologically, it is closer to anemone than Hepatica , but has the chromosome number 2n = 14 and is considered a parent of three Hepatica species. It is believed that this species is an ancient hepatica relic. The liverwort then spread from Central Asia to Europe as well as to East Asia and, via a land bridge that existed in the Miocene , to eastern North America.

Hepatica transsilvanica Transylvanian liverwort
( M. FUSS )		 Hepatica transsilvanica (Swan Lake) .jpg Romania Mountain forests; notched leaves with 3 to 5 lobes, large flowers up to 4 cm in diameter and eight petals, as well as bracts with 2 or 3 small teeth. tetraploid with chromosome number 2n = 28
Hepatica henryi China Dezhi and Robinson include Hepatica yamatutai , which, according to Zonneveld, based on genetic studies, is an independent species that emerged much later and is endemic to the Emei Shan in Sichuan , but has the same parent species as Hepatica henryi . tetraploid, chromosome number 2n = 28.
Hepatica yamatutai (NAKAI) W China: Sichuan Province, 800–2000 m in a small area on the slopes of Mount Emei Shan ; evergreen forests with high rainfall, on permeable limestone with a humus layer of rotting leaves; tetraploid, chromosome number 2n = 28. closely related to H. henryi

Web links to images:

  1. ↑ Pictures of H. asiatica on Plantarium.ru (Latin + Russian)
  2. ↑ Pictures by H. n. Insularis on asianflora.com (Engl.)
  3. ↑ Pictures of H. pubescens on wildplantsshimane.jp (Engl.)
  4. ↑ Pictures by H. maxima on ibric.org (Korean)
  5. ↑ Pictures by H. falconeri on Plantarium.ru (Latin + Russian)
  6. ↑ Pictures by H. henryi on Plantarium.ru (Latin + Russian)
  7. ↑ Pictures by H. yamatutai on Skalnicky.cz (Engl.)
Hepatica distribution EurAsia.png
Hepatica distribution America.png


Distribution map of liverworts in Europe and Asia (left) and North America (right). (Attempt to present a representation according to the natural distribution specified in the respective article.)

swell

  • Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. May 11, 2012 tropicos.org
  • Michael Alexander Commichau: Hepatica: Current overview of the genus. supplemented edition. Self-published, Suhl 2007, DNB 986355690 . ( hepatica-privat.de PDF).
  • Jürgen Peters: Hepatica - liverwort a passion. Self-published, OCLC 916667481 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ David George Haskell: The Forst Unseen - A Year's Watch in Nature. Viking, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-101-56106-5 , p. 47.
  2. ^ A b David George Haskell: The Forst Unseen - A Year's Watch in Nature. Viking, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-101-56106-5 , pp. 88, 89.
  3. ↑ J. Krejca, A. Jakobova: Rock garden plants. VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-331-00185-6 , p. 178.
  4. ^ Sara B. Hoot, Anton A. Reznicek, Jeffrey D. Palmer: Phylogenetic Relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) Based on Morphology and Chloroplast DNA. In: Systematic Botany. 19, No. 1, 1994, pp. 169-200.
  5. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 301.
  6. ^ F. Ehrendorfer, R. Samuel: Contributions to a molecular phylogeny and systematics of Anemone and related genera (Ranunculaceae-Anemoninae). In: Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. Volume 39, 2001, pp. 293-307 ( plantsystematics.com PDF).
  7. ↑ a b c OE Ulbrich: On the systematic structure and geographical distribution of the genus Anemone L. In: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. No. 37, 1905, pp. 172-257 and No. 38, 1905, pp. 257-334.
  8. ^ A b c M. Tamura: Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae VII. In: Science reports of South College, North College of Oska University, Japan. 16, 1968, pp. 21-43.
  9. ↑ Hepatica nobilis SCHREBER. In: Spicilegium florae Lipsicae. 39, 1771. Leipzig (9 Jul-25 Oct 1771)
  10. ↑ a b Dezhi and Robinson In: Flora of China. Volume 6, 2001, p. 328. ( efloras.org ).
  11. ↑ a b c d BJM Zonneveld: Genome Sizes in Hepatica Mill: (Ranunculaceae) Show a Loss of DNA, Not a Gain, in Polyploids. In: Journal of Botany. Volume 2010, Hindawi Publ.doi: 10.1155 / 2010/758260 .
  12. ^ Flora of North America. ( efloras.org ).
  13. ^ Flora of North America. ( efloras.org ).
  14. ↑ Marlene Ahlburg: Hepatica maxima. In: gardening practice. Year 20, No. 7, Verlag Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart, July 1994, pp. 13-15.
  15. ↑ H. Weiss, BY Sun, TF Stuessy, CH Kim, H. Kato, M. Wakabayashi: Karyology of plant species endemic to Ullung Island (Korea) and selected relatives in peninsular Korea and Japan. In: Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 138, No. 1, 2002, pp. 93-105.
  16. ↑ Sergej Wassilievic Yuzepczuk: Hepatica falconeri (T. THOMSON). In: 'Флора СССР' (Flora Unionis Rerumpublicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum) 7, 1937, p. 284.
  17. ↑ YJ Nasir: Anemone falconeri. at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis In: Flora of Pakistan.
  18. ↑ H. Weiss-Schneeweiss et al: Chromosomal stasis in diploids contrasts with genome restructuring in auto- and allopolyploid taxa of 'Hepatica' (Ranunculaceae). In: New Phytologist. Volume 174, 2007, pp. 669-682.
  19. ↑ M. Fuss: Hepatica transsilvanica FUSS. In: Negotiations and communications of the Transylvanian Society for Natural Sciences. Volume I, 1850, pp. 83-84.
  20. ^ TG Tutin: "Hepatica" Mill. In: Flora Europaea. Volume 1, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-15366-2 , p. 264.
  21. ↑ Jürgen Peters: The slightly different liverwort: Hepatica yamatutai Nakai. In: Botanical Leaves. 5/2000 of the Garden Botanical Association in Germany

Web links

Commons : Anemone  - album with pictures, videos and audio files