Wild pansy

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Wild pansy
Wild pansy (Viola tricolor), illustration

Wild pansy ( Viola tricolor ), illustration

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Violet family (Violaceae)
Genre : Violets ( viola )
Type : Wild pansy
Scientific name
Viola tricolor
L.

The Wild Pansy ( Viola tricolor ), popularly known as arable violets , Lady shoe , girl eyes , beautiful of face or Liebesgesichtli and Christ eye and just simply pansy , is a plant in the family of the violet plants (Violaceae).

Description and ecology

Habit and flowers of the ordinary wild pansy ( Viola tricolor subsp. Tricolor )
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Vegetative characteristics

The wild pansy is an annual to perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 10 to 40 centimeters. This semi-rosette plant does not form any underground runners . The stems are ascending to upright and mostly branched. The lower leaves are heart-shaped to ovate, blunt and notched. The stipules are deeply lobed finger-shaped. The end section is larger than the others. It is lanceolate and entire or notched.

Generative characteristics

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fünfzählig double perianth (perianth). With the wild pansy, the upper two petals are usually blue-violet, the lower yellow and the two lateral ones white or blue-violet - so it blooms in three colors ("tricolor"). At the same time, one can see a dark, line-shaped veining towards the center of the flower, which the insects - especially bumblebees and bees - use as a guide when searching for nectar. However, the upper petals of the closely related field pansy ( Viola arvensis ) can also be overgrown with purple. The flowering period extends from May to September. From an ecological point of view, they are lipped flowers with scattered cones of the viola type . The wild pansy is self-sterile and pollination is carried out by insects. The scar pit is also protected against pollen falling in and thus against self-pollination by a lip-shaped flap .

The capsule fruits are at most as long as the calyx, glabrous and open. The seeds are pear-shaped, yellow, with a small elaiosome .

Habit and flowers of the dune pansy ( Viola tricolor var. Maritima )
Dune pansy ( Viola tricolor var. Maritima ) on the Polish Baltic Sea

Occurrence

The wild pansy is widespread in large parts of Europe, it is only absent in the southernmost and northernmost regions.

It grows in meadows, on roadsides and on fallow land . Depending on the subspecies, the wild pansy thrives best on sandy, poor soils in the north (dunes) and on acidic primary rock .

Systematics

The first publication of Viola tricolor was by Carl von Linné . The systematics of the species group wild pansy ( Viola tricolor agg.) Is controversial.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Viola tricolor is a variety of shapes. Some authors in Germany distinguish between three subspecies and / or varieties:

  • Sand pansy ( Viola tricolor subsp. Curtisii (E. Forst.) Syme ): It thrives in the Violo-Corynephoretum and is also found in societies of the Koelerion albescentis or Honkenyo-Elymion. It has the chromosome number 2n = 26.
  • Rock pansy ( Viola tricolor subsp. Saxatilis (FWSchmidt) Arcang. ): It occurs in mountain meadows and is perhaps a species of the association Polygono-Trisetion. It has the chromosome number 2n = 26.
  • Common wild pansy ( Viola tricolor L. subsp. Tricolor ): It occurs in lean societies of the orders Arrhenatheretalia or Corynephoretalia. It has the chromosome number 2n = 26.

It is sometimes still divided into three varieties:

    • Dune pansy ( Viola tricolor var. Maritima Schweigg. Ex KG Hagen )
    • Mountain Meadow pansy ( Viola tricolor var. Polychroma (A. core.) Gams )
    • Ordinary Heartsease in the narrow sense ( Viola tricolor L. var. Tricolor )

According to Floraweb , the species is divided into the following four subspecies:

  • Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (gingins) Ces. (Syn .: Viola tricolor subsp. Saxatilis (FW Schmidt) Arcang. )
  • Viola tricolor subsp. ammotropha Wittr. (Syn .: Viola tricolor . Subsp curtisii AUCt .; Viola tricolor . Var maritima Schweigg ex Hagen KG. , Viola tricolor subsp. Stenochila Wittr. , Viola tricolor subsp. Coniophila . Wittr )
  • Viola tricolor subsp. polychroma (A. Kern.) Murr
  • Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor (Syn .: Viola tricolor subsp. vulgaris (Rchb.) Oborny )

It is very likely that the wild pansy ( Viola tricolor ), along with the Altai pansy ( Viola altaica ) and the Sudeten pansy ( Viola lutea subsp. Sudetica ), is a parent of the large-flowered garden pansy ( Viola × wittrockiana ), which is bred in many varieties .

ingredients

The wild pansy contains about 10 percent mucilage consisting of glucose , galactose , arabinose and rhamnose , as well as tannins , salicylic acid and its derivatives, such as salicylic acid methyl ester. It also contains the drug phenol carboxylic acids, such as caffeic and coumaric acid , and flavonoids such as quercetin , luteolin and rutin . So far, various carotenoids have been isolated from the drug : violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-carotene. Anthocyanidins and coumarins such as umbelliferone could also be detected. Contrary to previous literature, the wild pansy does not contain saponins , but hemolytically active peptides.

Use in naturopathy

The dried above-ground parts of the flowering plant (pansy herb with flowers, Violae tricoloris herba cum flore ) are used as pharmaceutical drugs .

Pansy herb with flowers is used internally and externally for mild seborrheic skin diseases with dandruff, itching, cradle cap in children, also acne . It is not yet known on which ingredients the effect could be based; In folk medicine , the drug is generally considered to be "blood-purifying" or "stimulating the metabolism". The drug is also traditionally used for rheumatic complaints, catarrh of the respiratory tract and febrile colds. Anti-inflammatory and expectorant effects, as well as the cough-relieving effects, appear plausible in terms of the ingredients (salicylic acid derivatives, mucilage ). The antimicrobial effect could be demonstrated for various extracts. An immunosuppressive effect could be determined for the aqueous extract from pansy herb in vitro (i.e. outside a living organism), which raises the question of its possible use in diseases associated with an overreactive immune system. To date, there is no further research on this. A weak diuretic effect was observed for the tincture of Viola tricoloris. In March 1986 Commission E of the former Federal Health Office published a (positive) monograph on Violae tricoloris herba, pansy herb. In its assessment, the European Medicines Agency's Herbal Medicinal Products Committee came to the conclusion that there was no evidence of efficacy to support general medicinal use of pansy flowers.

As an ornamental and medicinal plant, the wild pansy has been cultivated since the Middle Ages and has been bred in Great Britain since 1810 .

Naming and symbolism

The name pansy is interpreted as follows in popular belief: The five brightly colored petals are supported by five sepals. The lowest, large and strongly colored petals sit on two sepals. This is the stepmother. Her two brightly colored daughters are each sitting on a sepal to the left and right of her. The two upper, mostly simple purple-colored petals represent the two stepdaughters. They have to be content with one sepal together.

In some regions one is sure to discover the father in the blossom. Symbolized by the style and stigma of the flower, he sits in the middle of the flower, squeezed in by the women of his family. It only comes out when the wife and children have gone out, when the flower has faded and the petals have fallen off.

The appearance of the wild pansy has been reflected in fairy tales, legends and stories, for example in Theodor Storm's novella Viola tricolor . It is used as a love potion in William Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream .

history

In the 15th and 16th centuries the pansy was called freisam , freischem krut , trinity blümlin or stiefmuoter .

In the variation free sneaked the name was freisam in the Paris Physica manuscript of Hildegard von Bingen from the first half of the 15th century used. The pansy was not mentioned in the Hildegard texts. Matthias Lexer interpreted in his Middle High German Concise Dictionary (Vol. III, Sp. 497) vreise as something that brings danger and ruin, is cruel and terrible. The Brothers Grimm interpreted the words freissam and freissamkeit similarly in the German dictionary . Under the keyword frais, Max Höfler listed many diseases that have in common that they are violent and heated.

The pansy was first mentioned under the name freisam in the little book about the burnt-out waters attributed to Michael Puff from Schrick . The following effects were stated for the distillate made from pansies : Works against "unnatural heat" which "overflows" in young children and "cramps" them. "Lifts dampness" around the heart and chest. Works against "swelling" around the heart, chest and lungs in young and old. Works against "bad heat" in general. It is not clear from the Puff texts which part of the plant (flower, herb and / or root) was used to produce the distillate.

In the Mainz Garden of Health from 1485, Erhard Reuwich for the first time faithfully reproduced the pansy under the name jacea freischem krut . The text described the production of a distillate from the herb without roots and adopted the indications from Puff's distilling booklet. In addition, the distillate and the decoction made from the herb were recommended to be particularly effective for skin diseases. In the Hortus sanitatis the wild pansy was dealt with under the name Jacea .

In his small distilling book , published in Strasbourg in 1500 , Hieronymus freely interpreted Brunschwig as a heated skin disease.

Until the 20th century, the wild pansy was recommended in pharmacological works as a cervical herb for the treatment of skin diseases. 16th century: 17th - 18th century: 19th century: 20th century:

Since the mid-18th century, the Mainzer doctor treated Karl Strack the cradle cap children by internal transfer of the powder from the herb of wild pansy. As a "blood-cleansing" agent (antidyscraticum) the pansy was used for skin diseases until the beginning of the 20th century.

From a pharmacological point of view, Theodor Husemann wrote :

“Antidyscratic agents, antidyscratic agents. ... Herba Violae tricoloris, Herba Jaceae; Pansy, pansy herb ... The pansy herb tastes slimy, slightly bitter, hardly scratchy and, apart from a little violin, contains salicylic acid according to the studies of mandein. It was recommended by Strack in the last century against impetigo faciei and is now also used for eczema and the like. a. Skin affections in childhood, especially among the people. It can be used 1.0-5.0 several times a day in powder, or more conveniently in a decoction with milk or water (1:10). An extract prepared from it in ointment form has also been recommended externally for chronic skin conditions. Piffard (1882) recommends a fluid extract of 5-10 drops for adults and 1-5 drops for children. Persistent use of pansy tea is said to give the urine an unpleasant odor of cat urine. "

- Theodor Husemann : Handbook of the entire pharmaceutical theory. 2nd edition Berlin 1883, p. 837.

Historical illustrations

literature

Contemporary sources

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  673-674 .
  2. ↑ a b A. Toiu, E. Muntean, I. Oniga, O. Voştinaru, M. Tamas: Pharmacognostic research on Viola tricolor L. (Violaceae). In: Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. Volume 113, Number 1, 2009 Jan-Mar, ISSN  0048-7848 , pp. 264-267, PMID 21491816 .
  3. ↑ Th. Schöpke and colleagues. In Sci. Pharm. , No. 61, 1993, pp. 145-153
  4. ^ E. Witkowska-Banaszczak, W. Bylka, I. Matławska, O. Goślińska, Z. Muszyński: Antimicrobial activity of Viola tricolor herb. In: Fitoterapia . Volume 76, Number 5, July 2005, ISSN  0367-326X , pp. 458-461, doi : 10.1016 / j.fitote.2005.03.005 , PMID 15893888 .
  5. ↑ R. Hellinger, J. Köhbach, H. Fedchuk, B. Sauer, R. Huber, CW Gruber, C. Gründemann: Immunosuppressive activity of an wässrige Viola tricolor herbal extract. In: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 151, number 1, 2014, ISSN  1872-7573 , pp. 299-306, doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2013.10.044 , PMID 24216163 , PMC 3918579 (free full text).
  6. ↑ Monograph of Commission E Digitalisat
  7. ↑ Monograph and assessment of the Committee for Herbal Medicinal Products on: Violae herba cum flore , November 2010.
  8. ↑ Heinrich Marzell . Pansy. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli and Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer (eds.). Concise dictionary of German superstition , Berlin: W. de Gruyter 1937, Volume 8, Sp. 480–481
  9. ↑ Vagn Jørgensen Brøndegaard: The "little man" in bloom. About the genesis of a plant name: pansy. In: Sudhoffs Archiv, Volume 79, Issue 2 (1995), pp. 227-230
  10. ^ Puff manuscripts: Heidelberg, cpg 558, Nordbayern 1470-1485, sheet 24r. - Heidelberg, cpg 545, Nuremberg 1474, sheet 111r.
  11. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Cap. 432.
  12. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book . 1500, sheet 49r-v: "... drivaltigkeit blůmen genant / vmb dryerley farb ſiner blůmen / yellow / blow vnd wyß [...]".
  13. ↑ Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 175.
  14. ^ Carl Daremberg , Jacques Paul Migne : S. Hildegardis Abbatissae opera omnia. Gebrüder Granier Verlag, Paris 1882. The name Freischlich as a disease name appears in the following chapters of the Physica of this manuscript: I / 28 Cristiana (digitized version ) “… Et homo, in quo pessimi et mortiferi humores eriguntur, ita, quod in aliquo membro ejus ebulliunt , sic quod dicunt free crept ... "(" ... and a man rise up in the worst and most deadly juices so they gush forth in any of his limbs, one that freely sneaked says ... "). I / 132 Agleya (digitized) "Et homo in quo free sneaked quod dicitur selega , nasci incipit ..." ( "And a man in whom free crept what selega is called to arise begins ..."). III / 26 Fagus (digitized version ) "... Et cum quispiam homo in illo anno freyszchlich , quod est selega , in corpore suo habuerit ..." ("... And if any person in that year Freyszchlich , which means selega , has in his body ..." ). III / 47 Iffa (digitized version ) “… Et qui freischlich in corpore suo habet, id est selega ,… et freyschlich evanescet. ... "(" ... And whoever has a free body in his body, that is selega ... and free will disappear. ... ").
  15. ^ Max Höfler: German book of names of diseases. Munich 1899, pp. 165-166.
  16. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478: Freysam (digitized)
  17. ↑ Cpg 558 , medical composite manuscript, Northern Bavaria around 1470–1485, sheet 24r, (digitized version )
  18. ↑ Cpg 545 , collection of medical prescriptions and tracts, Nuremberg (?) 1474, sheet 111r (digitized version )
  19. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chap. 432: "... drybet vß the evil fuchtung vnd benympt daz freyschem in the lybe vnd drybet das vß mechtlicher ..." (digitized version )
  20. ↑ "... serve the rude people sunderly wole".
  21. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 511: Jacea (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 49r-v: "Von freiſſam krut waſſer ... ſin waſſer iſt gůt druncken for a disease of the young children called dz freiſſam. in Latin tongues called eriſipila… “Also: H. Brunschwig: Kleines Distillierbuch 1500, sheets 63r-63v: Ibisch wurtzel waſſer. ... B. "Ibiſch wurtzel waſſer iſt drunk well ... for the natural heat called dz freeſem or eriſipila."
  23. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 49r: Freissam Krut (digitized version )
  24. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 130: Trinity of flowers. Freysam or nail herb (digitized)
  25. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 192: Freyssam. Dreiflatigkeyt (digitized version )
  26. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, chapter 313: Freyschamkraut (digitized version )
  27. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 413r – 414r: Freisamkraut. Trinity flowers (digitized)
  28. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 353: Herba trinitatis (digitized version) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 529-530: Herba trinitatis (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 809–810: Jacea tricolor (digitized)
  30. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris Volume I 1803, pp. 250–252: Herba Violae tricoloris (digitized version )
  31. ^ Carl Wilhelm Juch: Pharmacopoea Borussica or Prussian Pharmacopoeia. Translated from Latin and accompanied by comments and additions by Dr. Carl Wilhelm Juch . Stein, Nürnberg 1805, p. 81: Herba Violae tricoloris s. Jaceae. Trinity flower. Civic herb (digitized version )
  32. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, p. 231: Herba Jaceae. Fraisamkraut. Trinity flower. Pansy (digitized)
  33. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voss, Leipzig 1846–48, Volume II 1848, p. 733: (digitized version)
  34. ↑ Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt . JB Henkel (translator): Handbook of poison theory for chemists, doctors, pharmacists and court officials . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1862, p. 485: Violin (digitized version)
  35. ^ Friedrich Mohr : Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia: together with a translation of the text ... Friedrich Vieweg, Braunschweig 1865. After the seventh edition of the Pharmakcopoea borussica. Third edition in one volume, pp. 324-325: Herba Violae tricoloris. Civic herb. Pansy herb (digitized)
  36. ↑ August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 105–106: Violin (digitized version)
  37. ↑ Hermann Hager Commentary on the Pharmacopoea Germanica Julius Springer Berlin, Volume II (1874), pp. 145–145: Herba Violae tricoloris (digitized version )
  38. ^ Henry Granger Piffard : A treatise on the materia medica and the therapeutics of the skin. William Wood & Company, New York 1881, pp. 113-116 (digitized)
  39. ^ Theodor Husemann: Handbook of the entire drug theory. Springer, Berlin 2nd ed. 1883, pp. 837–838: (digitized version )
  40. ↑ Hugo Schulz : Lectures on the effect and use of German medicinal plants. Thieme, Leipzig 1929, 2nd ed., Pp. 115–117.
  41. ↑ Caroli Strack : De crusta lactea infantum ejuisdem specifico remedio. Frankfurt / Main 1779. (digitized version ) --- Carl Strack: From the children's cradle cap and a specific remedy darwider. Weimar 1788 (1st edition 1779). (Digitized version ) --- C. Strack de crusta lactea infantum… Review in: Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek. Volume 46, Item 1, Nicolai, Berlin and Stettin 1781, pp. 161–164 (digitized version )
  42. ^ Theodor Husemann. Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2nd ed., Volume II, Springer, Berlin 1883, p. 837, (digitized version)

Web links

Commons : Wild Pansy ( Viola tricolor )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files