Vosges pansy

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Vosges pansy
Vosges pansy (Viola lutea)

Vosges pansy ( Viola lutea )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Violet family (Violaceae)
Genre : Violets ( viola )
Type : Vosges pansy
Scientific name
Viola lutea
Huds.

The Vosges pansy ( Viola lutea ), also called yellow Vosges violet , or - among subspecies - Sudeten pansy , Sudeten violet , yellow alpine violet or yellow alpine pansy , is a species of the genus violet ( Viola ) within the family the violet family (Violaceae).

description

The Vosges pansy is a perennial herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 10 to 25, rarely up to 40 centimeters. Subterranean runners are formed as survival organs . The unbranched stem is bare and triangular.

The leaves are alternately distributed on the stem. The leaf blade of the lower leaves is ovate-heart-shaped, further up they become more elliptical-lanceolate. The leaf-like stipules are only slightly widened, with four to six lateral sections and a more or less linear, always whole-margined end section.

Vosges pansy with yellow-blue-violet petals

The slender stem usually bears one, but sometimes up to four long-stalked flowers. The hermaphroditic and only slightly smelling flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The spread out petals are yellow or mixed colors yellow-purple or yellow-blue. The five 1.5 to 3 cm large petals are significantly longer than the sepals. The spur on the lowest petal is about half as long as the petals. The flowering period extends from June to August.

The capsule fruit forms a three-pointed star and tears open at the three longitudinal seams.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 48.

Differentiation of similar species

One can distinguish the Vosges pansy from the wild pansy ( Viola tricolor ), its mountain forms and other viola species, among other things by the fact that it has " stipules with only a slightly widened, more or less linear end section, always with entire margins ". The stem is " mostly simple, lying down at the base ", the spur " 0.5–2.5 times as long as the rest of the petal ". In addition to plants with yellow petals, there can also be plants with partly purple or partly bluish petals. It usually has larger flowers and a longer spur than the wild pansy, and in contrast to the long-tailed violet ( Viola calcarata ), which has only a very short stem, the stem of the Vosges pansy is usually more clearly developed.

Initial description

It was first described in the Flora anglica (p. 331.) in 1762.

ecology

The Vosges pansy is a hemicryptophyte . It is a modified, persistent glacial relic with a long-creeping rhizome and occurs mainly " subalpine to alpine " on " meadows and pastures, mostly on lime ", as reported in the Swiss area, according to other information from Austria it is " avoiding lime " in the British and Irish flora it is mentioned as weakly avoiding lime, although it is usually found there on calcareous rocks, but according to this information it avoids strongly silicate soils there. In western Ireland it also occurs on dunes, because there are also lowland types there. The Vosges pansy is a character species of the Violo-Nardetum from the Nardion association.

The pollination is essentially performed by insects.

If the yellow calamine violet is classified as a subspecies of the Vosges pansy (then: Viola lutea ssp. Calaminaria , otherwise Viola calaminaria ), then this one subspecies is adapted to the resistance to calamine poisons, sulfur-free zinc ores. It forms a VA mycorrhiza with a root fungus , which absorbs the harmful substances. The yellow calamine violet is mostly viewed as a separate species, as a " character species of the calamine turf ". It occurs " only on soils containing heavy metals in the Aachen area in Westphalia "

Occurrence

As can be inferred from the name Vosges pansy, this species occurs in the Vosges , but occurrences are also more widely known from the Sudetes and the Tatras . However, it is also found in several subspecies in northern Europe in the United Kingdom and Ireland , in central Europe in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland, and in south-western Europe in France and Spain .

The subspecies Viola lutea subsp. lutea thrives in Western Europe and Switzerland on moist mountain meadows in subalpine to alpine altitudes at altitudes of up to 1400 meters on humus-rich, well-drained soils and in sunny locations.

Systematics

Viola lutea was first published in 1762 by William Hudson .

Sudeten pansy ( Viola lutea subsp. Sudetica )

There are several subspecies of Viola lutea (selection):

  • Vosges pansy ( Viola lutea Huds. Subsp. Lutea ): It occurs in Spain, France, Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. In the Vosges it occurs at altitudes between 800 and 1400 meters.
  • Sudetian pansy ( Viola lutea subsp. Sudetica (Willd.) W.Becker ): It occurs in Europe east of the 14th parallel (Carpathians and Sudetes, rarely in Austria). The plant forms subterranean runners and is always yellow. The stipules have four to six lateral sections. They have a slightly widened, more or less linear, always entire end portion. It is found on poor, lime-free meadows and pasture lawns in subalpine to alpine altitudes. This subspecies is considered to be potentially endangered.
  • Yellow calamine violet or yellow calamine pansy ( Viola lutea subsp. Calaminaria (Ging.) Nauenb. , Syn .: Viola calaminaria (Ging.) Lej. ): A subspecies protected or strictly protected under the BNatSchG . According to another opinion, the yellow calamine violet is a separate species.

Participation in a form of culture

In the garden pansies ( Viola wittrockiana ), a bastard clan or complex hybrids, the genetic material of the Vosges pansy is also present. After his analysis of the breeding history, which is still accepted today, the botanist Veit Brecher Wittrock stated that the hybridogenic species Viola wittrockiana was mainly bred from Viola tricolor and Viola lutea , to a lesser extent from Viola altaica and possibly other taxa from the Melanium section . The most recently presented and accepted hybrid formula for Viola wittrockiana is: Viola lutea subsp. sudetica × tricolor × altaica (WERNER in JÄGER & WERNER 2001 “2002”: 242)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  674 .
  2. ↑ Quoted: http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Seiten-Arten/Viola-lutea.htm , accessed on August 15, 2014
  3. ↑ a b c https://www.infoflora.ch/de/flora/588-.html , accessed on August 16, 2014
  4. ↑ See http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Seiten-Arten/Viola-lutea.htm , accessed on August 15, 2014
  5. ↑ http://www.gartendatenbank.de/wiki/viola-lutea , accessed on August 16, 2014
  6. ↑ a b Archived copy ( memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed August 16, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ars-grin.gov
  7. ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  8. ↑ a b http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Seiten-Arten/Viola-lutea.htm , accessed on August 16, 2014
  9. ↑ a b http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant/viola-lutea , accessed on August 16, 2014
  10. ↑ http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant/viola-luteaabanted  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on August 16, 2014@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.brc.ac.uk  
  11. ↑ , http://www.botanik.kit.edu/garten/905.phpetrieved  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on August 16, 2014@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.botanik.kit.edu  
  12. ↑ Oskar Sebald: Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe . ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 , p. 64 .
  13. ^ William Hudson: Flora Anglica. Self-published, London 1762, p. 331 ( preview in Google book search).
  14. ^ Viola in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  15. ↑ http://www.botanik.kit.edu/garten/905.php , accessed on August 16, 2014
  16. ↑ https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?312231 accessed on August 16, 2014
  17. ^ JD Nauenburg, KP Buttler: Validation of the name Viola wittrockiana . In: Kochia . Berlin 2.2007,12 (Dec.), P. 40 ISSN  1863-155X (abstract)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.flora-deutschlands.de  

Web links

Commons : Vosges Pansy ( Viola lutea )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files