Long-tailed violets

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Long-tailed violets
Long-tailed violet (Viola calcarata)

Long-tailed violet ( Viola calcarata )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Violet family (Violaceae)
Genre : Violets ( viola )
Type : Long-tailed violets
Scientific name
Viola calcarata
L.

The long- tailed violet ( Viola calcarata ), also spurred pansy , is a species of plant that belongs to the genus of violets ( Viola ).

description

Illustration from Atlas of Alpine Flora

Vegetative characteristics

The long-tailed violet grows as a low, tender and perennial herbaceous plant with a flower. It reaches heights of growth of 5 to 8 (-10) centimeters. The 1–4 cm long leaves sit in a rosette, the leaf blades are broadly ovate, often almost round, with serrated edges. The stem is 5–15 mm long. The 2 cm long stipules are elongated, blunt or pointed, whole or toothed.

Generative characteristics

The hermaphroditic 25–35 mm large flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five petals are of different sizes, the lowest of which is elongated at the end in a hollow spur. The spur is straight, elongated, and much longer than the appendix of the calyx. The color of the petals mostly dark purple, rarely pale yellow to white. In the subspecies zoysii yellow. The fruit is a capsule with many seeds. It opens in 3 lids. The flowering period extends from May to July.

The chromosome number for all three subspecies is 2n = 40.

ecology

The long-tailed violet spins the rock debris with long, subterranean runners and stretches its leaves in clusters to the light at the end. The "migratory drives" are up to 40 centimeters long and are fragile at first, then lignified. The long-tailed violet is - in contrast to most of the lowland violet species , which are pollinated by bees - a distinct butterfly flower with a narrow flower entrance and a long spur.

As a characteristic of snow valleys, it settles on slowly creeping, moist hillside debris and likes to occur on flowing earth (solifluction). In the Dinarides, the subspecies zoysii is a species of character in the Oxytropidion dinaricae . Here it is characteristic of the Arabidion flavescentis society , where it occurs between 1600 and 2300 m.

Occurrence

The long-tailed violet is particularly widespread in the western Alps , 60 percent of the global population is in Switzerland, which therefore bears a very high responsibility for the conservation of this species. The western limit of the distribution is the Colle di Tenda . In Bavaria there is a relict-like habitat in the Allgäu Alps and in Austria in Tyrol in the area of ​​the Lechtal Alps, in Vorarlberg in the Montafon area. There the long-tailed violet lives in fresh alpine lawns and solid calcareous, i.e. dormant rock corridors above the tree line.

The subspecies zoysii occurs between Karawanken and Prokletije. In Bosnia and Herzegovina it is widespread in Bjelašnica, Visočica, Treskavica, Maglić, Zelengora, Volujak, Vranica, Prenj, Čvrsnica, in Montenegro in Durmitor, Bijela gora , Orjen and in Kosovo in Prokletije. To the south, the distribution extends to Macodeonia in ie Šar planina.

The two subspecies Viola calcarata subsp. calcarata and Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii find their optimum in the societies of the class Elyno-Seslerietea variae. According to Oberdorfer , they are also found in the Leontodontetum montani from the association Thlaspion rotundifolii or in societies of the association Arabidion caerulea.

The long-tailed violet rises in Bavaria in the Allgäu Alps on the Hochrappenkopf at altitudes of up to 2400 meters, in the Tyrolean part of the Allgäu Alps on the Balschtespitze near Elbigenalp up to 2490 meters.

Long-tailed violet ( Viola calcarata )
Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii

Systematics

There are three subspecies:

  • Viola calcarata subsp. calcarata : It occurs in France, Italy, Switzerland and Germany. The flowers are mostly blue-violet.
  • Viola calcarata subsp. villarsiana (Schult.) Merxm. : It occurs only in Austria and in the former Yugoslavia. This subspecies finds its optimum in societies of the Juncetea trifidi class. The flowers are yellow, blue or white.
  • Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii (Wulfen) Merxm. : It occurs only in Austria, in the former Yugoslavia and in Albania. The flowers are mostly yellow.

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Čedomil Šilić 1990: Endemične biljke. 3rd edition, Svetlost Sarajevo. ISBN 86-01-02557-9 Here p. 76
  2. ↑ Čedomil Šilić 1990: p. 76
  3. ^ DH Valentine, H. Merxmüller, A. Schmidt: Viola L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 270–282 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  4. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  674 .
  5. ↑ Stefan Eggenberg, Elias Landolt: For which plant species does Switzerland have international responsibility? In: Botanica Helvetica , Volume 116, 2006, pp. 119-133. doi: 10.1007 / s00035-006-0763-x
  6. ↑ Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria . accessed on December 16, 2015
  7. ↑ Čedomil Šilić 1990: p. 76
  8. ↑ a b David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora alpina. Volume 1, page 446. Bern, Stuttgart, Vienna Haupt-Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3-258-06600-0
  9. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , pp. 239-240.
  10. ↑ a b c d Viola calcarata in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 25, 2015.

Web links

Commons : Long-tailed violets ( Viola calcarata )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files