Tall violet
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Tall violet ( Viola elatior ) |
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The high violet ( Viola elatior ) is a species of the genus violets ( Viola ) within the violet family (Violaceae). The main distribution area is Southeastern Europe as well as Eastern Europe ; in Central Europe the occurrences are limited to the large river valleys .
description
The tall violet grows as a summer green, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 50 cm. The upright, strong stem is hairy, especially at the edges. There are no basal leaves . The stem leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is hardly recognizable winged. The leaf blade is lanceolate with a length of 3 to 7 cm and a width of 1 to 2 cm, the leaf base truncated to slightly heart-shaped. The stipules of the central stem leaves are entire or roughly toothed at their base and are of the same length as the petiole. The upper stipules are longer than the petiole.
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are pointed. The light blue, striped, white at the base corolla is 2 to 2.5 cm long. The greenish-yellow spur is 3 to 4 mm long.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40.
ecology
This hemicryptophyte is a mesomorphic semi-light plant.
The flowering time is at the end of full spring. There is insect pollination, self-pollination in the bud or open flower. The diaspores self-propagate or they are spread by ants.
Occurrence
The distribution area of the high violet is mainly in the steppe and forest steppes of Southeast Europe and Eastern Europe . In Central Europe it thrives as a river valley plant in almost the entire Upper Rhine area, the Danube delta (with side valleys), the Elbe area, the Oder and Vistula lowlands. Most western outpost in the Burgundy Rhone Valley. Northern border at 50 ° N in the Baltic States. Subareas in Central Asia in the western apron of some mountains (e.g. Altai).
In Central Europe, the high violet specializes in humid biotopes and therefore needs a moist, even wet, calcareous loam or clay soil . It inhabits light alluvial forests and swamp meadows. It rarely occurs on the Middle and Upper Rhine, on the Upper Main, on the Danube between the Iller and Isar, in the Elbe-Saale area to Magdeburg; Occasionally it can be found on Lake Constance, in Franconia, on the Odenwald , in the Alpine foothills and in the foothills of the Swiss Jura and around Lake Geneva. In Austria there are deposits in the March and Danube floodplains as well as in the wetlands of the Vienna Basin. It is a Cnidion association character in Central Europe and often occurs together with Molinia arundinacea .
literature
- Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
- Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
- Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 2 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Dilleniidae): Hypericaceae to Primulaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3312-1 .
- Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : Evening primrose plants to reddish plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
- Tall violet. In: FloraWeb.de. (Sections Description and Ecology)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 675 .
Web links
- Tall violet. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Tall violet . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Viola elatior Fr. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved December 25, 2015.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to Eric Hultén
- Thomas Meyer: Violet data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Martin Sommerfeld, 2012: Viola elatior - the high violet - data sheet of the Botanical Garden of the University of Karlsruhe.
- Rudolf Höcker: Excursion paper on the GEFD's violet excursion on 17./18. May 2008 : full text PDF.
- Christoph Käsermann: EN Viola elatior FR. - Hohes Veilchen - Violaceae , In: Leaflets on Species Protection - Flowering Plants and Ferns (October 1999) : Full text PDF.
- Tall violet (Viola elatior) - Flora Action Plans : full text PDF.
