Sand violets

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Sand violets
Sand violet (Viola rupestris)

Sand violet ( Viola rupestris )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Violet family (Violaceae)
Subfamily : Violoideae
Genre : Violets ( viola )
Type : Sand violets
Scientific name
Viola rupestris
FW Schmidt

The sand violet ( Viola rupestris ) is a species of the genus violets ( Viola ) within the violet family (Violaceae). It is common in northern Eurasia .

description

blossom
Flower from the side; the spur is easily recognizable
Habit, leaves and flowers

Vegetative characteristics

The sand violet grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 3 to 8 centimeters. A short, vertical root is formed. The stem and the leaves are usually downy hairy.

The stem leaves are similar to the basal leaves, but slightly smaller. The bluish green, underneath often purple leaf blades are up to 2 centimeters long and 1.5 centimeters wide and rounded to heart-shaped and slightly notched or with entire margins. The stipules are ovate and toothed.

Generative characteristics

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are long, pointed with 1 to 2 millimeters long, clipped appendages. The mostly blue-violet corolla is 1 to 1.8 centimeters tall with a 3 to 4 millimeter long light purple spur.

The capsule fruit is finely haired.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

ecology

This hemicryptophyte grows as a half-rosette plant.

Occurrence

The distribution area of the sand violet is northern Eurasia . In Central Europe it is largely restricted to the areas east of the Oder, to the Magdeburg and Bohemian arid regions, to the Alpine foothills , the Alps and the Upper Rhine region. To the east, the area extends to Eastern Siberia . The northern border in Europe is in Norway. In Western Europe there are only isolated individual occurrences, in the northern Mediterranean area there are occurrences in several sub-areas, the southern border is 39 ° north latitude.

The sand violet usually thrives on calcareous and humus-rich sand soils ; it also goes on loess . It inhabits light, dry forests, dry bushes and semi- arid grasslands . In Central Europe it is a type of character of the Pyrolo-Pinetum from the Cytiso-Pinion association. Otherwise it is a kind of the class of the pine steppe forests (Pulsatillo-Pinetea). The sand violet also occurs in societies of the Erico-Pinion, the Festuco-Brometea and the Seslerietea. In the sandy areas between Bingen and Schwetzingen, in the Franconian Jura and in the foothills of the Alps - especially in the Lech Valley -, in the Northern Limestone Alps , in the southern Swiss Jura it rarely occurs; very rare at the Kaiserstuhl ; in the Central Alps , in Upper and Lower Austria , it occurs sparsely. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of 1330 meters.

Systematics

Viola rupestris was first published in 1791 by Franz Willibald Schmidt . A synonym for Viola rupestris F.W. Schmidt is Viola arenaria DC. Viola rupestris belongs to the subgenus Viola from the genus Viola .

There are three subspecies:

  • Viola rupestris subsp. licentii W. Becker : It thrives in sandy grasslands and forests at altitudes of 1000 to 2200 meters in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Gansu , southern Shaanxi and southern Shanxi .
  • Viola rupestris subsp. relicta Jalas : It occurs in Norway , Sweden and Finland .
  • Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt subsp. rupestris (Syn .: Viola canina var. rupestris (FWSchmidt) Regel ): It occurs in Europe and Asia.

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 2 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Dilleniidae): Hypericaceae to Primulaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3312-1 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : Evening primrose plants to reddish plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  676 .
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 235.
  3. ↑ a b c Viola rupestris in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
  4. ↑ a b Viola rupestris , p. 81 In: Yousheng Chen, Qiner Yang, Hideaki Ohba, Vladimir V. Nikitin: Viola subg. Viola , p. 74 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 .

Web links

Commons : Sand violets ( Viola rupestris )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files