Genuine centaury

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genuine centaury
Centaurium erythraea

Genuine centaury ( Centaurium erythraea )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Gentian Family (Gentianaceae)
Genre : Centaury ( Centaurium )
Type : Genuine centaury
Scientific name
Centaurium erythraea
Rafn

The True centaury ( Centaurium erythraea ), also Kopfiges centaury called, is a form rich plant species in the genus of Tausendgüldenkräuter ( Centaurium ). The true centaury was named medicinal plant of the year in 2004.

description

illustration
Partial inflorescence with closed and open flowers (here very late flowering time in October)
The rosette leaves are obovate to elliptical and wider than 6 millimeters.
Fruit cluster
The stem leaves are elliptical to eilanzettlich and mostly three-veined.
Genuine centaury ( Centaurium erythraea )
The terminal bloom of the dichasium is not stalked or at most one millimeter long.

Vegetative characteristics

The common centaury grows as a one to deciduous biennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 50, rarely up to 60 centimeters. The mostly upright stem is hollow.

The bare, entire, simple foliage leaves stand together in a conspicuous basal rosette and are distributed crosswise on the stem. The basal leaves are 20 to 40 millimeters long and elongated with a rounded upper end. The seated stem leaves are usually 1 to 3 centimeters long and 5 to 15 millimeters wide, obovate to oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, but their upper end is pointed; they get smaller with increasing height on the stem.

Generative characteristics

The main flowering period is from June to September. A loose to dense, compound, trugdoldigen inflorescence is formed, the zymous partial inflorescences of which are often flattened at the top. The more or less sedentary flowers are located almost directly above two support leaves.

The hermaphroditic flowers have a diameter of 9 to 15 millimeters and are radially symmetrical and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused; the calyx is 4 to 7 millimeters long, half to two thirds as long as the corolla tube. The five mostly light red to strong pink, rarely whitish petals are fused with tubes. The crown is 12 to 15 millimeters long. The corolla lobes are 5 to 7 millimeters long and have fine, downy hairs. There is only one circle with five stamens . The 2 to 3 millimeter long anthers protrude from the flower and remain closed. The styles are of different lengths ( heterostyly ). The scar is elongated.

The two-lobed capsule fruit , 7 to 9 millimeters long, remains enclosed in the calyx.

The number of chromosomes is usually 40, less often 20 or 42.

ecology

The centaury is annual, summer annual or a winter annual to biennial semi-rosette plant, a therophyte .

From an ecological point of view, these are "pollen plate flowers", which are only open in the sun and at least 20 ° C. Instead of nectar, "drilled tissue" is offered. There is a lot of insect visitation, u. a. also by moths. The pollination is done by bees , flies and beetles . Self-pollination may also be possible. The lifespan of a flower is around five days.

The dead plants are wind spreaders. In addition, the seeds are probably also washed away by rain. They are light germs .

Occurrence

Centaury, which is specially protected in Germany (on the basis of the Federal Species Protection Ordinance), is naturally widespread in almost all of Europe with the exception of northwestern Scandinavia . It occurs scattered on sunny, semi-arid to fresh meadows and forest clearings up to an altitude of over 1200 m. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the Grünten in Bavaria to an altitude of 1000 meters.

According to Ellenberg , the centaury is a light plant, intermediate and a pointer of freshness. It is a character species of the order of clearing corridors and bushes (Atropetalia), but also occurs in societies of the Mesobromion, Violion or the Origanetalia order.

Systematics

Centaurium erythraea was first published in 1800 by Carl Gottlob Rafn in Danmarks og Holsteens Flora , 2, pp. 75-77. The specific epithet erythraea means reddish. Synonyms for Centaurium erythraea Rafn are: Erythraea centaurium L. , Centaurium minus auct., Centaurium umbellatum Gilib. nom. inval., Centaurium minus Moench , Centaurium minus subsp. austriacum (Ronniger) O.Schwarz , Centaurium umbellatum subsp. austriacum Ronniger , Erythraea capitata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. , Erythraea lomae Gilg , Centaurium latifolium (Sm.) Druce , Erythraea centaurium (L.) Pers. , Centaurium erythraea subsp. austriacum (Ronniger) Holub , Centaurium erythraea subsp. austriacum (Ronniger) Kožuharov & Petrova , Centaurium erythraea subsp. capitatum (Willd.) Jovet & R.Vilm. , Centaurium umbellatum subsp. capitatum (Willd.) P. Fourn. , Centaurium minus subsp. transiens (Wittr.) Bjelcić .

From Centaurium erythraea there are many subspecies:

  • Centaurium erythraea Rafn subsp. erythraea
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. apertum ( H. Lindb .) Greuter : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. bernardii (Maire & Sauvage) Greuter : It occurs in Morocco.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. bifrons (Pau) Greuter : It occurs in Morocco.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. enclusense (O.Bolòs, Molin. & P.Monts.) O.Bolòs & Vigo : It occurs in Menorca .
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. grandiflorum (Pers.) Melderis : It occurs on the Azores, in Portugal, Spain and Sicily.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. limoniiforme (Greuter) Greuter : It occurs in Greece.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. majus (Hoffmanns. & Link) M.Laínz : It occurs in the Azores, in North Africa and in Southern Europe. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. rhodense (Boiss. & Reut.) Melderis : It occurs in Morocco, in southern Europe, in central Europe and in Turkey.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. rumelicum ( Velen. ) Melderis : It occurs in southern Europe and Turkey. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. ruthenicum ( Velen. ) Melderis : It occurs in Ukraine.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. suffruticosum (Griseb.) Greuter : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, in Spain and in France.
  • Centaurium erythraea subsp. turcicum ( Velen. ) Melderis : It occurs in southern, central, eastern Europe and in Turkey. The chromosome number is 2n = 40 or 60.

Usage and key ingredients

The medicinally diversely used drug (dried, above-ground parts of the flowering plant) has the following important ingredients such. B. bitter substances , flavonoids , xanthones and phenol carboxylic acids .

Centaury was previously used in folk medicine for diseases of the liver and gall bladder as well as for fever .

According to Commission E , an infusion of the bitter-tasting shredded medicinal drug can help with loss of appetite and dyspeptic complaints. The contraindications are stomach and intestinal ulcers .

Plant parts are part of some herbal liqueurs .

Naming

The German name Centaury is derived from "worth a thousand guilders", which reflects the meaning of this plant. It is based on a false translation of the Latin name centaurea or centaurium , which does not come from centum aurei (100 guilders), but from the Greek plant name kentaúrion , as the mythical centaur Chiron is the basis for the name “Hundertguldenkraut” , as the mythical centaur Chiron is the herb used to heal wounds used.

Other common names for the genuine centaury are bitter herbs , Erdgallenkraut , God hyssop , Feverfew , Hundertgulden herb , stomach herb , Red Aurin , Sanktorikraut . In addition, the other German-language trivial names exist or existed: Agrinken ( Warnemünde ), Apriniken ( Mecklenburg ), Augerinken ( Stavenhagen ), Aurian, Auriken (Mecklenburg), Auriaiken (Mecklenburg), Aurin ( Unterweser , East Friesland ), Aurine ( Old High German , Middle German ), Aurinie (Old High German, Middle German), Aurinkraut (Old High German, Middle German), Aurit ( Wangerooge ), Beverkrut ( Middle Low German ), Biberkraut (Middle High German), Bieferkraut (in the sense of Fieberkraut, Middle High German), Centaur (Middle High German), Centaur ), Center (Middle High German) Dusintgüldinkrut, Erdgalle, Ertzelle (Middle Low German-Dutch), Erdgall (Mecklenburg, Göttingen , Unterweser), Ertgalla (Middle High German), Ertgalle (Middle Low German), Ertgallen (Middle Low German), Fiberkraut (Middle High German), Fiberkraut (Middle High German), Garthayde (Middle German) , Gharthede (Middle High German), Ghardheide (Middle High German), Goldkraut (in the Middle Ages), Grinken ( Boizenburg ), Grinkenblume (Boizenburg), Gutherut (Middle High German), Hertgalle (Middle Low German), Himmelsblümli ( Bern ), Hizgenblume, Hundertguldenkrut (Middle High German), Jäuse ( Graubünden ), Kratzengen, Landaw (mentioned as early as 1533), Laurin ( East Prussia ), Margreitenblaume (Boizenburg), Mariekens ( Rhena ), Muttergotteschrut ( St. Gallen near Sargans ), Radele, Radella, Rotorinkrud ( Altmark ), Sindau ( Grafschaft Mark ), Sindört (Grafschaft Mark), Sinögge (Grafschaft Mark), thousand guilders, centaury ( Swabia , Graubünden), Tausendgilderkrokt ( Transylvania ), Tausentguldin, Tusigguldenkraut (Bern), Veltrede (Middle Low German), Wontkrud (Middle Low German), Wundkraut (Middle High German), Wudkraut (Middle High German) and Wundchrawt (Middle High German).

history

swell

Historical illustrations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Centaurium erythraea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  2. ↑ nabu.de: Medicinal Plant of the Year 2004 .
  3. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 7th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 .
  4. ↑ a b c d Jepson eFlora .
  5. ↑ a b c d G. J. Harden: Datasheet in the New South Wales Flora Online .
  6. ↑ a b c d [1]
  7. ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
  8. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 329.
  9. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  752 .
  10. ↑ a b Centaurium erythraea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 18, 2015.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Karol Marhold, 2011: Datasheet Centaurium erythraea. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Last accessed on August 18, 2015
  12. ^ A b Willibald Pschyrembel: Pschyrembel naturopathy and alternative healing methods . 3. Edition. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 2006. ISBN 3-11-018524-5
  13. ^ A b c Karl Hiller, Matthias F. Melzig, Lexicon of Medicinal Plants and Drugs , 2 volumes, approved special edition for area Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-89996-682-1
  14. ↑ Barbara Fehringer: The "Speyer herb book" with the medicinal plants of Hildegard von Bingen. A study on the Middle High German “Physica” reception with a critical edition of the text. Würzburg 1994 (= Würzburg Medical History Research , Supplement 2), p. 85 f. ("Centaurea means goltkrut, bieffercrut or ertgalle: ide is hotter and truckner natturen; therefore it heals fresh wounds [...]").
  15. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 146 f. ( Online ).
  16. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, pp. 266–268 (Book III, Chapter 7): Kleines Kentaurion (digitized version )
  17. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XXV, Chapter XXX – XXXII (§ 66–69): Kentaurion (digitized) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  18. ↑ Galen , 2nd century. De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VII, Chapter X / 17-18 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, pp. 20-22): Centaurium minor (digitized version)
  19. ↑ First printing: Rome 1481, Chapter 35: Centauria minor (digital copy)
  20. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter CLXI: Centaurea (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 362: Centaurea (digitized version)
  22. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 193r: Centaurea (digitized)
  23. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 143r (No CCCXV): Centaurea minor (digitized)
  24. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart, Volume II 1842, pp. 320-324 (digitized version )
  25. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Edition: Ludwig Choulant. Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832, chapter 53 (p. 99): Centaurea (digitized version)
  26. ^ German Macer . Cantaurea . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, pp. 350–351 (Chapter 33). - Text witnesses : Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 192r (digitized version ) Transcription: .xxxij. Centaurea is called bifer krut and is truckner nature / that is why it heals freshly wound (Centaurea boiled and hinden with eym klister jn drifted sciasim the look on the loin as a swollen swelling : swelling, swelling, tumor . (The same helps the wounded veins whether they are waged with it (the centaurien juice is used by the frawen jr is looking for (the same so used with win dribt by the person in eyner rure what he has used poisonous / (Centaurea tempered with win makes the machine smear (Centauren samen sol one won in the autumn and printed the one on the sun / which is good for all these things as ir have heard - Further text witnesses : Cpg 213 , Bavaria, around 1440, sheet 60v: Centaurea haißet biuer krawt ... (digital copy )
  27. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 125: Cantaurea . Migne, Paris 1855, Sp. 1180 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 21: Centaurea is warm and dry. If bones and beyn are broken somewhere in their body, they often drink centauream or their roots mixed with wine or water. The broken bone is glued together, di welle. Then he heats centauream in water, squeezes out the water and often places it warm on the broken area and so moves the broken area. He will be healed. Anyone who is so virgichtigit that he lacks the voice to speak, or that one of his limbs leaves him in the lurch, mix the roots and leaves of the centaurea with new sebum from the deer, make cakes with flour, ie cakes, and eat them often. The excruciating gout is suppressed. Those who are virgichtigit also often drink centauream in wine, and the gout in them will give way.
  28. ^ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century: Book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, p. 397: Erdgalle (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Nikolaus Frauenlob : Pharmacopoeia. (15th century) Celidonia schelkrawtt . Text witness : Cpg 583 , Südwestdeutschland, 1453–1483, sheet 19v – 20r (digitized version ) : Transcription ( rubricated text parts in bold): Centauer or fieberkrawtt is czwayerlaÿ the ain is large, the other is klain But the klain is gemainer and da von says man vnss hÿe presently vnd has xxj virtue Ad caputt Man sal centawr juice mix with it and warm up vnd so warm the hawpp there with smear etc. Ad oculos malos Man sal centawr zest and mix the juice with a few honey and use it to sal man your eyes sprinkle Who dy eyes tunckel be vnd vinster Man sal centawr with hönig boil vnd darab divertising nüchterling. clears your eyes and protects you from great harm and helps whale Whoever is fun to eat or drink to drink Man sal Centaw jn water and then drink warm makes people fun and helps the stomach that it is refreshed Whether the person is eaten ader drank you have sal centawer ze puluer poke vnd des puluer ij quint swer sal man jn drink wine dreÿ day that helps against all harm dy man has taken jn jm or you poke sal centaw with it and drink it to sell it dÿ gyft jm people who help the stomach and the prust and against the hats wil Man sal centawer nemen j tail vnd ij tayl wine and the third water and should mix that with honey and with crushed pepper and salt the nosing helps the stomach and smack dy prust vnd the stomach If the hate thirst to ligtt Man sal centtawr jn water syeden and drink from it so that helps against the thirst and raÿnigt dÿ prust and the stomach Whether a person dÿ pitter looks for ym h from the jn allerlay pitter is dunking and the looking truck is man sal Centawr vnd wermuet each other jn wine syeden and drinking from it the desires of the person dy vnsawbrichait that of the person heats everything that he uses, dunking in the search for whom the milcz we do man sal dÿ large centawr jn wine syeden and drink from it that helps the milk who wants to be made etc. Man sal centawr jn cold water drink that helps who dÿ hueft und lndt we do then centawr in water boiling vnczt on that Drink third-tail vnd sal from it Who is thin and vnvertig jm body or dy worm jm pauch has man sal centawr jn boiling water on the third tail and drink from it that makes people healthy in body and kills the worm jm pauch who expel swelling well Man sal the big Centawr cestle and put on the swell that lays the swell Contra morsum venenosi animalis Man sal dÿ klain centawr zest and drink the juice in old wine Or ma n sal sÿ zuo puluer pounding and drinking the puluer in good old wine Erczney zuo the wounds lewtten Man sal centawr ze puluer poking vnd putting in the wounds that helps the fleysch against each other Or one sal centawr in water syeden and with it sal one dÿ wounds coat that hailt vasst and is good Whoever wants to drive away the old men and man sal centawr ze bump and with sambt the juice onf dy masen put the czewcht sy from the item for dy vnvertikayt the frawen etc. Man sal then centawr pound and sal the juice with wine drink that drives all vnsawbrichait from the frawen and also from the men How you care for the centawr sal Man sal jm autumn centawr zestössen and press the juice in haysser sun the haist then centawr puluer If you don't like the juice jm windter and that is too some things nucz vnd good. Further text witnesses : Cpg 666 , Südwestdeutschland 1478, sheets 101v – 102v (digitized version ) . Transcription: C entawer ader fever kraut jst tzweyerley daz a jst groz daz other jst clein But yet daz clein do from one says presently and has xxj tuget a who at all we do and is not happy Man sal Centawer mix with vinegar and warm it up vnd so warm daz watering the vein smear it helps b Who dy eyes we do not be healthy Man to poke sal Cantawer vnd mix with a little hong daz juice and do with sal man dy eyes smear vein also with the juice alone c who dÿ eyes Dunkel be man salt zentawer with honey syden vnd dor abe drink sober daz makes dy eyes clear d Whoever is fun to eat vein to drink Man salt zentawr jn water syden vnd so warm iij day do from trinckann daz makes people funny and helps the stomach e Whether people have eaten or drunk salt centawr with vinegar and then drink it helps for gyfft f Who wants to help the stomach and the puff and cough against the cough, you want to salt centawer take a part and ij teyl wine and then third water and salt and mix with honey and use puffed pepper and salt to help the stomach and reynigt dÿ prust g Which people the heyß thirst to liget Man salt zentawer jn water syden vnd dor abe so divertising cold daz hilfft vnd reÿnigt dy prust vnd to stomach h Whether a mensché dy pitter studied in jme have daz jne allerley dunckt pitter be one vermouth sal zentawer vnd together jn wine syden vnd daz divertising daz treybt Dy vnsauberkeytt of the people kumbt j which people daz milcz we do man sal dy big zentawer jn wine syden vnd dor von drincken daz help the milk vnd makes it healthy k Which people dÿ like we do man sal centawer with cold water drink l who dy huff ader lend we ton Man sal zentawer syden jn water uff daz third part vnd ​​dor abe drank daz helps wn vnd is suntt m Who jn the body vnvertig vngesunted vn the warmth in the pauch one has sal Centawr jn water syden vncz uff there s third part vnd ​​dor abe drink as vil as one likes daz makes people healthy in the body daz same dead also dy warmth in the pauch n Which people dy bulged out want to push out the big Centawr and put on f dy bulged o whom vnreyner wrm ader tyer pissed ader poisoned ader thou wil Man sal dÿ clein to poke zentawr vnd daz juice in old wine drink daz helps against dÿ gyfft p Or you kick sal sy to puluer vnd daz puluer sol man jn old wine drink q Who will help the wounds lewt man sal Centawr push to puluer vnd daz jn lay wounds daz help the fleysch r Who help the wounds lewt will help Man sal Centawr jn water syden vnd do with sal man dÿ smear wounds daz almost heals s Who wil distribute Dy old scar Man sal Centawr vnd to push with sambt the Safft uff dy scar lay attracteth daz sÿ Auss t Whether a frawe is vnvertig vein vnsauber to jrer heimlikeytt Man sal Centaer to push vnd sal the s afft with wine drink daz treybt all vnreynikeyt out of the frawen and also the men v Wÿ man care for the zentawer sal Man sal to toss the zentawr in the autumn and carry the juice at heysser sonnen daz heyst then Centawr puluer wan man of the juice in the winter I didn't like it vnd ​​daz is good for some things vnd nücz
  30. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 34: Centaurea, Dusent gulden (digitized version )
  31. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 83: Centaurea dusentgulden (digitized version )
  32. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 112: Centaurea (digitized version)
  33. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 38r – v: Dusent güldin krut (digitized version )
  34. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 266: Text Dausentguldinkraut (digitized version )
  35. ^ Otto Brunfels : Ander Teyl des Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1537, p. 135: Illustration of the thousand guldinkraut (digitized version )
  36. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 43: Dausent gulden (digital copy )
  37. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 145: Klein Tausentgulden (digitized version )
  38. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 214: Gemein Tausentgulden. Erdgallen (digitized version )
  39. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 170: Centaurium minus (digitized version) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 268: Centaurium minus (digitized)
  40. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, pp. 353–355: Centaurium minus (digitized version )
  41. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, p. 73: Centaurium minus (digitized) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, p. 87: Centaury (Centaurium minus) (digitized version)
  42. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris Volume I 1803, pp. 135–136: Petite Centaurée (digital copy )
  43. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, p. 212: Herba Centaurei minoris (digitized version )
  44. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II 1848, p. 354: Erythraea Centaurium (digitized version)
  45. ↑ August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 876–877: Erythrocentaurin (digitized version )
  46. ↑ Handbook of the Entire Pharmaceutical Science. Springer, Berlin 2nd edition 1883, p. 647: Herba Centaurii minoris ( digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Genuine centaury ( Centaurium erythraea )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Genuine centaury ( Centaurium erythraea )  - Directory of species