Field quail wheat

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Field quail wheat
Melampyrum arvense 010608.jpg

Field quail wheat ( Melampyrum arvense )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Summer root family (Orobanchaceae)
Genre : Quail Wheat ( Melampyrum )
Type : Field quail wheat
Scientific name
Melampyrum arvense
L.

The melampyrum arvense ( Melampyrum arvense ) is a form rich species of the genus Wachtelweizen ( Melampyrum ) in the family of broomrape plants (Orobanchaceae).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Illustration from Billeder af nordens flora , 1917, on the left the field quail wheat ( Melampyrum arvense ), on the right the comb quail wheat ( Melampyrum cristatum )

The field quail wheat is an annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 10 to 30 centimeters. The stems are erect and weakly branched. The leaves are linear to lanceolate; the lower ones have entire margins, the upper ones perforated at the base.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to August. The flowers are arranged in a conical or cylindrical, spiked inflorescence . The bracts are light to purple red. The purple or more rarely yellow-green bracts are egg-lanceolate and have awn-shaped teeth in the lower part.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic . The downy, hairy calyx is almost as long as the corolla tube. The corolla is 2 to 2.5 centimeters long, the corolla tube is yellowish to whitish, the lips are reddish. The upper lip is curved like a helmet. The lower lip, which is bent up at the edge, lies almost against the upper lip; the crown throat is almost closed.

The oval capsule fruits narrow at both ends.

The basic chromosome number is x = 9; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 18.

  • Section of an inflorescence

  • Flower with a loose-haired calyx

  • Closed mouth of the crown with an upturned lower lip

  • Lower bract with long bristle teeth

  • Purple upper wrapper with black glandular dots

ecology

Field quail wheat is a mesomorphic therophyte . It is a semi-parasite (hemiparasite) on cereals and other grass species, which is why field quail wheat is mainly found on (calcareous) fields, hence the German common name .

There is insect pollination or self-pollination instead. Most pollinators are bumblebees.

The seeds are spread by ants ( myrmecochory ).

Occurrence

Field quail wheat occurs in almost all of Europe, in the north its distribution area extends to southern Sweden . Outside Europe, it occurs in Turkey and the Caucasus. In Germany this species is only common in the south, in the north and south of the Danube and in the Alps it is rare.

It mainly inhabits perennial fringes of dry and warm locations and fields and short-lived weed meadows, there are secondary occurrences on dry and semi- dry lawns , as well as on semi-ruderal couch grass in dry, warm locations. It occurs in Central Europe in societies of the associations Caucalidion lappulae or Geranion sanguinei.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Melampyrum arvense was in 1753 by Carl von Linné . Synonyms of Melampyrum arvense L. are: Melampyrum argyrocomum Steud. , Melampyrum cretaceum Czern. nom. nud., Melampyrum pseudobarbatum Schur , Melampyrum semleri Ronniger & Poeverl. , Melampyrum arvense L. subsp. arvense , Melampyrum arvense subsp. pseudobarbatum (Schur) Beck , Melampyrum arvense subsp. schinzii Ronniger , Melampyrum arvense subsp. semleri (Ronniger & Poeverl.) Ronniger , Melampyrum arvense subsp. tuzsonii Soó , Melampyrum arvense var. semleri (Ronniger & Poeverlein) D. Hartl . All subtaxa are considered synonyms.

supporting documents

literature

  • Bertram Münker: Wildflowers of Central Europe (= Steinbach's natural guide ). New, edit. Special edition. Mosaik, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-576-10563-8 .
  • Siegmund Seybold : Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. A book for identifying vascular plants that grow wild and often cultivated . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 93rd completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2006, ISBN 3-494-01413-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Melampyrum arvense L., field quail wheat. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f field quail wheat . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  3. ↑ a b Karol Marhold, 2011: Scrophulariaceae : Datasheet Melampyrum arvense In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  4. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  847-848 .

Web links

Commons : Field Quail Wheat ( Melampyrum arvense )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files