Lung gentian
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Lung gentian ( Gentiana pneumonanthe ) |
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The gentian ( Gentiana pneumonanthe ) is a plant of the genus gentians ( Gentiana ) in the family of Gentianaceae (Gentianaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The lung gentian is a perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 15 to 40 centimeters; however, it can also reach heights of up to 1 meter in fallow land. The stem is erect. The leaves are single-nerved and narrower than 1 centimeter. The leaf blades have a lanceolate to linear shape and are usually slightly rolled up at the edge.
Generative characteristics
Flowering time is from June to October, depending on the flowering clan. There are one to several flowers per stem (if multi-flowered, then one to three flowers are at the tip of the stem, the rest are individually in the axils of the upper leaves).
The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical with a double flower envelope . The five green sepals are fused up to half their length. The five petals are fused bell-shaped. The deep blue crown is 2 to 5 centimeters long and can have five greenish longitudinal stripes.
The seeds are wingless.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 26.
ecology
The young caterpillars of the lung gentian (a butterfly) live monophag on the lung gentian; older caterpillars are then dragged into their nests by knot ants of the genus Myrmica , which are attracted by sugar juice and soothed by pheromones , and fed there until pupation . One can speak of a brood parasitism here, similar to that of the cuckoo .
Occurrence and endangerment
The distribution area of Gentiana pneumonanthe is large parts of Europe, temperate Asia and parts of the Caucasus . In Germany, the lung gentian occurs from the Lower Rhine, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania to the foothills of the Alps. In Austria it occurs scattered to very rarely in all federal states. In Belgium he is only known in the High Fens .
The lung gentian thrives best on sandy or peaty, moderately acidic to neutral soils . As a location, nutrient-poor and alternately humid wet meadows (whistle grass meadows), borst grass lawns and flat moor meadows from the lowlands to the montane elevation are preferred. In the north-west German lowlands, it occurs mainly in wet heaths and on the edge of heather ponds . The lung gentian is a character species of the Molinion association in Central Europe , but is also found in plant communities of Juncion squarrosi in northwest Germany .
The lung gentian is at great risk due to the intensification of grassland management and the draining of wet meadows and heaths. Germany: Risk category 3+ (endangered, regionally more endangered). The lung gentian is particularly protected by the Federal Species Protection Ordinance (BArtSchV).
Others
The lung gentian was flower of the year in 1980 .
Popular names
Bluebells ( Bremen-Oberneuland ), Biekerbleomen (Halle / Westphalia), lung flower, Kiweitsblome ( Hasegegend ), hunger herb, meadow gentian ( Sylt )
literature
- Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (= Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
- Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
- Thomas Gaskell Tutin : Gentiana. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 61 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Gentiana pneumonanthe L., Lungen-Enzian. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 755-756 .
Web links
- Lung gentian . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Gentiana pneumonanthe L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to Eric Hultén
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
- Literature on Gentiana pneumonanthe in the Kew Bibliographic Databases. (English)
Lung Gentian (1980) | Yellow Daffodil (1981) | Red Forest Bird (1982) | Wild tulip (1983) | Summer Adonis (1984) | Wood Columbine (1985) | Arnica (1986) | Sea thistle (1987) | Marsh Calla (1988) | Carthusian Carnation (1989) | Mountain Sand Bells (1990) | Rosemary Heath (1991) | Round-leaved sundew (1992) | Checkerboard Flower (1993) | Broad-leaved orchid (1994) | Globeflower (1995) | Pasque Flower (1996) | Silver thistle (1997) | Crab Scissors (1998) | Marsh marigold (1999) | Purple Stone Seed (2000) | Blood-red cranesbill (2001) | Grove Violets (2002) | Kornrade (2003) | Alpenbellchen (2004) | Large rattling pot (2005) | Meadow foam herb (2006) | Bach avens (2007) | Nodding Thistle (2008) | Common Wegwarte (2009) | Siberian Iris (2010) | Moor lily (2011) | Heather Carnation (2012) | Hepatica (2013) | Swan Flower (2014) | Ordinary devil bite (2015) | Real cowslip (2016) | Corn Poppy (2017) | Long-Leaved Honorary Award (2018) | Common heather (2019) | Fever Clover (2020)