Gentians

Gentians
	Clusius gentian ( Gentiana clusii )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Gentian Family (Gentianaceae)
Tribe :	Gentianeae
Genre :	Gentians
Scientific name
	Gentiana
	L.

The gentians ( Gentiana ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of the Gentian family (Gentianaceae). The 300 to 400 species, which occur almost worldwide, mainly thrive in the mountains of the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere , but also in the Andes . Some types are used to make schnapps and to obtain medicinal products. Few species and varieties are used as ornamental plants .

description

Illustration of the Eastern Alpine gentian ( Gentiana pannonica ) from Germany's flora in images based on nature

Long-life bracts, fruit and seeds of the Alpine gentian ( Gentiana alpina )

Seeds of Gentiana triflora var. Japonica

Vegetative characteristics

Gentian species grow as annual or perennial herbaceous plants . The ascending to independently erect stems are grooved or angular. In some perennial species there are generative and vegetative shoot axes .

The opposite or rarely whorled leaves are in basal rosettes or distributed on the stem. The simple leaf blades have a smooth leaf margin.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are laterally or terminally, individually or usually several in zymotic inflorescences or sometimes in small groups or whorls.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and usually five, rarely four or six to eight-fold with a double flower envelope . The green sepals are fused to about half of their length. The calyx teeth are thread- to egg-shaped and have a raised median nerve. The usually five, rarely four or six to eight petals are often long-tubular, inverted-cone-shaped, bell-shaped, plate-shaped, jar-shaped or rarely wheel-shaped (probably only in Gentiana lutea ). Usually the corolla tubes are much longer than the corolla lobes. There are plicae between the corolla lobes. The petals can have very different shades of blue or are yellow to whitish. There is only a circle with four or five, rarely four or six to eight stamens ; they are fused with the corolla tube. The stamens do not protrude beyond the petals. The stamens are more or less winged at their base. The anthers are usually free, they are rarely connected. There are five to ten glands at the base of the ovary. The sedentary or located at a long Gynophor ovary is upper constant and usually at least single chamber in the upper region. The stylus is usually short and linear, or more rarely long and thread-shaped or absent. The scar lobes are free or fused, bent back, usually elongated to linear, rarely spread out and rounded.

The capsule fruits are cylindrical to ellipsoid and winged, or more or less narrowly obovate (narrow ellipsoid in Gentiana winchuanensis ), have two fruit valves and contain many seeds. The seeds can be winged or wingless. The seed coat is tiny, reticulate, wrinkled or areolate (= field).

ecology

In most species of gentian, the flowers close when the sky is cloudy and the air is cool, even when subjected to vibrations from hail, rain and strong wind.

Systematics and distribution

Herbarium evidence : holotype of Gentiana pumila subsp. delphinensis

The genus Gentiana was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, pp. 227-232. set up. Gentiana lutea L. was used as a lectotype in 1913 by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown in An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada, & the British Possessions. 2nd Edition. Volume 3, p. 8. Synonyms for Gentiana L. are: Calathiana Delarbre , Chondrophylla A.Nelson , Ciminalis Adans. , Dasystephana Adans. , Ericala Gray orth. Var., Eurythalia D.Don orth. Var., Favargera Á.Löve & D.Löve , Gentianodes Á.Löve & D.Löve , Holubogentia Á.Löve & D.Löve , Kuepferella M.Laínz , Kurramiana Omer & Qaiser , Mehraea Á.Löve & D.Löve , Pneumonanthe Gled. , Qaisera Omer , Tretorhiza Adans. , Ulostoma G.Don .

The botanical genus name Gentiana is the Greek name for species of this genus and has been shown to have been used since 50 to 100 AD. According to Dioscoroides and Pliny the Elder, it is derived from the Illyrian king Genthios (180–168 BC ), who is said to have been the first to recognize the healing properties of gentian species (probably Gentiana lutea ).

Koch's gentian
( Gentiana acaulis )

Clusius gentian
( Gentiana clusii )

The genus Gentiana belongs to the subtribe Gentianinae from the tribe Gentianeae within the Gentianaceae family . Earlier, the genres were gentianella ( Gentianella ) gentianopsis ( Gentianopsis ) and hair throat ( Comastoma ) to a large genus gentian ( Gentiana counted sl).

The genus Gentiana is divided into ten or eleven sections:

Section Gentiana sect. Asclepiadeae (Grossh. Ex Gagnidze) Tzvelev (for example: Gentiana asclepiadea )
Section Gentiana sect. Calathianae (for example: Gentiana bavarica )
Section Gentiana sect. Chondrophyllae Bunge (for example: Gentiana arisanensis )
Section Gentiana sect. Ciminalis (for example: Gentiana acaulis )
Section Gentiana sect. Cruciata Gaudin (for example: Gentiana cruciata )
Section Gentiana sect. Dolichocarpa T.N.Ho (example: Gentiana sedifolia )
Section Gentiana sect. Frigidae Kusn. (for example: Gentiana algida )
Section Gentiana sect. Gentiana (for example: Gentiana burseri )
Section Gentiana sect. Isomeria Kusn. (for example: Gentiana depressa )
Section Gentiana sect. Kudoa (Masamune) Satake & Toyokuni ex Toyokuni (for example: Gentiana arethusae )
Section Gentiana sect. Pneumonanthe Gaudin (for example: Gentiana affinis )

In Europe, around 35 species of Gentiana thrive, mainly in the Alps . The following species occur in Central Europe : Koch's gentian or silicate bell-shaped gentian ( Gentiana acaulis ), Alpine gentian ( Gentiana alpina ), narrow-leaved gentian ( Gentiana angustifolia ), swallow-wort gentian ( Gentiana asclepiadea ), Bavarian gentian ( Gentiana bavarica ), Short-leaf gentian ( Gentiana brachyphylla ), Villars-gentian ( Gentiana burseri subsp. Villarsii ), Clusius-gentian or lime-bell-gentian or stemless gentian ( Gentiana clusii ), cross-gentian ( Gentiana cruciata ), Tauern-gentian ( Gentiana frigida ), Karawanken Enzian ( Gentiana froelichii ) with the subspecies: Silvia-Zenari gentian ( Gentiana froelichii . subsp zenarii ) Ligurian gentian ( Gentiana ligustica ), yellow gentian ( Gentiana lutea ), alpine gentian ( Gentiana nivalis ), Round-leaved gentian ( Gentiana orbicularis ), Eastern Alpine Gentian or Pannonian Gentian or Hungarian Gentian ( Gentiana pannonica ), Lung Gentian ( Gentiana pneumonanthe ), Lying Gentian ( Gentiana prostrata ), Low he gentian or cute gentian ( Gentiana pumila ), spotted gentian ( Gentiana punctata ), purple gentian ( Gentiana purpurea ), Rostan's gentian ( Gentiana rostanii ), Triglav gentian ( Gentiana terglouensis subsp. terglouensis ), Schleicher's gentian ( Gentiana terglouensis subsp. schleicheri ), hose gentian ( Gentiana utriculosa ), spring gentian or “Schusternagerl” ( Gentiana verna ). The well-known trivial name "stemless gentian" describes both the Clusius gentian and the Koch gentian .

The genus Gentiana comprises 300 to 400 species worldwide, which predominantly thrive in the mountains of the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere , but also in the Andes , Gentiana species are absent in Africa . There are about 13 species in Mexico.

There are 300 to 400 species in the genus Gentiana worldwide
Gentiana affinis Gentiana algida Gentiana andrewsii Narrow-leaved gentian ( Gentiana angustifolia ) Gentiana arethusae Gentiana arisanensis Swallowwort gentian ( Gentiana asclepiadea ) Gentiana boissieri Short-leaf gentian ( Gentiana brachyphylla ) Gentiana burseri Gentiana calycosa Gentiana carinata Gentiana clausa inflorescence Gentiana crassicaulis Cross gentian ( gentiana cruciata ) Gentiana dahurica Narrow-leaved gentian ( Gentiana decumbens ) Gentiana depressa Dinaric gentian ( Gentiana dinarica ) Gentiana flavida Tauern gentian ( Gentiana frigida ) Karawanken gentian ( Gentiana froelichii ) Gentiana glauca Gentiana hexaphylla Gentiana jamesii Yellow gentian ( Gentiana lutea ) The hybrid Macauleys Enzian ( Gentiana × macauleyi ) created by horticultural crossing of Gentiana farreri and Gentiana sino-ornata Flowering in detail of Gentiana newberryi Gentiana nipponica Gentiana nipponica Snow gentian ( gentiana nivalis ) Gentiana occidentalis subsp. corbariensis Gentiana paradoxa Lung gentian ( Gentiana pneumonanthe ) Gentiana puberulenta Spotted Gentian ( Gentiana punctata ) Gentiana saponaria Gentiana scabrida var. Scabrida Gentiana sceptrum Gentiana sedifolia Gentiana septemfida var. Lagodechiana Gentiana sierrae Gentiana sikokiana Gentiana sino-ornata Gentiana thunbergii Gentiana triflora var. Japonica Gentiana triflora var. Montana Hose gentian ( Gentiana utriculosa ) Gentiana veitchiorum Spring gentian ( Gentiana verna ) Gentiana Zollingeri in the habitat Gentiana abaensis T.N.Ho : It thrives at altitudes of around 3300 meters in southern Gansu and northern Sichuan . Kochscher gentian , silicate bell gentian ( Gentiana acaulis L. ): It thrives in European mountains: in the Alps , Carpathians , on the northern Balkan peninsula , in the Apennines , in the Pyrenees , in the Cantabrian Mountains and in the Iberian Mountains . Gentiana acaulis is protected in Germany and Bulgaria and regionally in France and Switzerland . Gentiana acaulis is extinct in the Czech Republic . There are localities for Spain , Andorra , France , Italy , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Germany , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Serbia , Bulgaria , Montenegro , Albania , Romania and the Ukraine . Gentiana affinis Griseb. : It occurs in western Canada and the western and central United States. Gentiana alata T.N.Ho : It thrives in forest clearings at altitudes of 1200 to 2000 meters only in central Yunnan . Gentiana albicalyx Burkill : It occurs in northwestern India , Nepal , Bhutan , Sikkim and in southern Tibet . Gentiana albomarginata C. Marquand : It thrives on grasslands at altitudes from 1900 to 3300 meters only in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana algida Pall. : It occurs in North America, India, Bhutan and the temperate areas of Asia. Gentiana alii (Omer & Qaiser) TNHo Alpine gentian ( Gentiana alpina Vill. ): It occurs in the southwest and western parts of the Middle Alps , in the Middle Pyrenees and in the Sierra Nevada in southern Spain . Gentiana alsinoides Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 2700 to 3400 meters in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana altigena Harry Sm .: It occurs in northeast India, Tibet and Yunnan. Gentiana altorum Harry Sm. Ex C. Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 3700 to 4200 meters in Sichuan and Tibet. Gentiana × ambigua Hayek Gentiana amplicrater Burkill : It occurs in India, Nepal and in southeastern Tibet. Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. : It is found in Canada and the eastern and central United States. Narrow-leaved gentian ( Gentiana angustifolia Vill. ): It occurs in two subspecies in Spain, France, Italy and Switzerland. Gentiana angustifolia subsp. angustifolia Gentiana angustifolia subsp. corbariensis (Brown-Blanq.) Renob. (Syn .: Gentiana occidentalis Jakow. ): It occurs in Spain and France. Gentiana anisostemon C.Marquand : It thrives in altitudes from 3600 to 4300 meters only in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana annaverae Pînzaru Gentiana aperta Maxim. : It thrives in two varieties at altitudes of 2000 to 4000 meters only in northeastern Qinghai. Gentiana apiata N.E.Br. : This endemic thrives on slopes at altitudes of 1900 to 3400 meters only in Taibai Shan in the Chinese province of Shaanxi . Gentiana aquatica L .: It occurs in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan and western Tibet. Gentiana arenicola Kerr Gentiana arethusae Burkill : The two varieties thrive at altitudes of 2000 to 4800 meters in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of eastern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don Gentiana arisanensis Hayata : It thrives at altitudes of 2500 to 3900 meters in the central mountain range of the island of Taiwan . Gentiana aristata Maxim. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,800 to 4,600 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan. Swallowwort gentian ( Gentiana asclepiadea L. ): It thrives mainly in the mountains of Central and Southern Europe. Gentiana asterocalyx Diels : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 3200 meters only in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana atlantica litard. & Maire : It occurs in Morocco. Gentiana atuntsiensis W.W.Sm. : It thrives at altitudes of 2700 to 4800 meters in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana austromontana J.S. Pringle & Sharp Gentiana autumnalis L .: It occurs in the US states of New Jersey , Delaware , North Carolina , South Carolina and Virginia . Gentiana axilliflora Levl. & Vaniot Gentiana baeuerlenii L.G. Adams Gentiana bambuseti T.Y.Hsieh, TCHsu, SMKu & CI Peng : It was first described in 2007. This endemic thrives in bamboo forests at altitudes of around 1500 meters only in Chiayi in Taiwan. Bavarian gentian ( Gentiana bavarica L. ): It occurs in the Alps and the Carpathians. Gentiana beamanii J.S. Pringle Gentiana Bella Franch. ex Hemsl. : It occurs in northern Myanmar and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana bicuspidata (G.Don) Briq. : It thrives in the mountains of central and northwestern Mexico . Gentiana × billingtonii Farw. Gentiana boissieri Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey. Gentiana bokorensis Hul Gentiana borneensis Hook. f. Gentiana boryi Boiss. : It only occurs in Spain. Short-leaf gentian ( Gentiana brachyphylla Vill. ): It occurs in the Alps, in the Pyrenees and in the Spanish Sierra Nevada . Gentiana brentae Prosser & Bertolli Gentiana bryoides Burkill : It occurs in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim. Gentiana burseri Lapeyr. : It occurs in Spain, France and Italy. There are two subspecies: Gentiana burseri subsp. burseri : It occurs in Spain and France. Villars gentian ( Gentiana burseri subsp. Villarsii (Griseb.) Rouy ; Syn .: Gentiana villarsii (Griseb.) Ronniger ): It occurs in France and Italy. Gentiana cachemirica Decne. Gentiana caelestis (C.Marquand) Harry Sm .: It occurs in Myanmar and China. Gentiana caeruleogrisea T.N.Ho : It thrives at altitudes of 3600 to 4300 meters in China. Gentiana caliculata Lex .: It occurs in central to western Mexico. Gentiana calycosa Griseb. Gentiana capitata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don : It occurs in Tibet, Myanmar , India, Kashmir , Bhutan, Nepal and Sikkim. Gentiana carinata (D.Don) Griseb. Gentiana carinicostata Wernham Gentiana caryophyllea Harry Sm . : It occurs in Yunnan and Myanmar. Gentiana catesbaei Walter Gentiana cephalantha Franch. ex Hemsl. : It occurs in China and in Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. Gentiana cephalodes Edgew. Gentiana × charpentieri Thomas ex Hegetschw. Gentiana chazaroi H.H. Iltis : It was first described in 1994. It is only known from its type location in the Mexican state of Durango near Pueblo Nuevo on the Durango – Mazatlán road. It thrives at altitudes of 2400 to 2500 meters. Gentiana chateri T.N.Ho Gentiana chinensis Kusn. : It thrives at altitudes of 2,400 to 4,500 meters in the Chinese provinces of western Hubei, southwestern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana choanantha C.Marquand : It only thrives in western Sichuan at altitudes of 2700 to 4600 meters. Gentiana chosenica Okuyama Gentiana chungtienensis C. Marquand : It only thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 3700 meters in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana Clarkei Kusn. : It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes of 4600 to 5300 meters in western Tibet and in Qinghai. Gentiana clausa Raf. Clusius gentian , lime bell gentian, stemless gentian ( Gentiana clusii Perr. & Songeon ): It occurs in the Alps, in the foothills of the Alps, in the Jura, in the Black Forest and in the Carpathians. Gentiana confertifolia C.Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 3400 meters only in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana coronata (D. Don ex Royle) Griseb. Gentiana crassa short Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burkill : It occurs in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan. Gentiana crassula Harry Sm .: It thrives on grassy slopes at altitudes of 3400 to 4200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch. : It occurs in China, India, Bhutan, Nepal and Sikkim. Gentiana cristata Harry Sm .: It thrives on grassy slopes at altitudes of about 4200 meters in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan. Cross gentian ( Gentiana cruciata L. ): It occurs in Europe and Western Asia. Gentiana cruttwellii Harry Sm. Gentiana cuneibarba Harry Sm . : It occurs in China and in Bhutan and Myanmar . Gentiana × curtisii J.S. Pringle Gentiana dahurica fish. : It occurs in China, Mongolia and Siberia . Gentiana damyonensis C.Marquand : It occurs in China and in the northeastern Myanmar. Gentiana davidii Franch. : The three varieties thrive at altitudes of 300 to 3000 meters in three varieties in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Gentiana decemfida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Gentiana decora Pollard Gentiana decorata Diels : It occurs in China and northeastern Myanmar. Narrow-leaved gentian ( Gentiana decumbens L. f. ): It occurs in European Russia , Siberia, Kazakhstan , Mongolia and China. Gentiana delavayi Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 1400 to 3900 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan, northeastern and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana deltoidea Harry Sm .: It thrives on grassy slopes at altitudes of 3300 to 3700 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan. Gentiana dendrologi C.Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4500 meters in Sichuan. Gentiana densiflora T.N.Ho : It thrives at altitudes of 900 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou and eastern Sichuan. Gentiana depressa D.Don : It occurs in Tibet, India, Bhutan, Nepal and Sikkim. Gentiana × digenea Jakow. Dinaric gentian ( Gentiana dinarica Beck ): It thrives in the mountains in the southwest of the former Yugoslavia , in Albania and in central Italy ( Abruzzo ). Gentiana divaricata T.N.Ho : It was first described in 1984. It thrives on slopes in shady forests at an altitude of about 2300 meters only in southwest Sichuan. Gentiana diversifolia Merr. Gentiana douglasiana bong. : It occurs in western North America in Alaska , British Columbia and Washington . Gentiana doxiongshangensis T.N.Ho : It occurs in Tibet, Bhutan and northeast India. Gentiana dschungarica rule Gentiana duclouxii Franch. : It thrives on hills at altitudes of 1800 to 1900 meters only in central Yunnan. Gentiana durangensis Villarreal : It was first described in 1996. It is only known from one site in the Mexican state of Durango near the city of Durango. It thrives at an altitude of about 2600 meters. Gentiana ecaudata C.Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4500 meters in Sichuan and Yunnan. Gentiana elmeriana Halda Gentiana elwesii C.B.Clarke : It occurs in Tibet, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim. Gentiana emodi C. Marquand ex Sealy : It occurs in Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim. Gentiana ettingshausenii F. Muell. Gentiana exigua Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 1500 to 3200 meters in southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan. Gentiana expansa Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 1100 to 2100 meters in central and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana faucipilosa Harry Sm . : It occurs in Tibet, Yunnan and Bhutan. Gentiana fieldiana J.S. Pringle Gentiana filistyla Balf. f. & Forrest : It occurs in China and Myanmar. Gentiana flavida A.Gray (Syn .: Gentiana alba Muhl. Ex A.Gray ): It occurs in Ontario and in the eastern and central United States. Gentiana flavomaculata Hayata : There have been two varieties since 1999. They thrive on grassy slopes at altitudes of 1,600 to 3,000 meters in the central mountain range of the island of Taiwan. Gentiana flexicaulis Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 2,400 to 4,600 meters in Sichuan. Gentiana formosa Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 2700 to 4200 meters in China. Gentiana forrestii C. Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4200 meters in China. Gentiana franchetiana Kusn. : It thrives on hills at altitudes of 1400 to 2300 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan and central and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana Fremontii Torr. Tauern gentian ( Gentiana frigida Haenke ): It occurs mainly in the Carpathian Mountains and occasionally in the Eastern Alps. Karawanken gentian ( Gentiana froelichii Jan ex Rchb. ): There are the following subspecies: Gentiana froelichii Jan ex Rchb. subsp. froelichii : This endemic occurs only in Austria in southern Carinthia in the Karawanken . Silvia Zenari Gentian ( Gentiana froelichii subsp. Zenarii (Jan) F.Martini & L.Poldini ): This endemic occurs only in northeastern Italy in the Carnic Pre-Alps. Gentiana futtereri Diels & Gilg : It thrives on alpine meadows and in mountain forests at altitudes of 2800 to 3400 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Gansu and southeastern Qinghai. Gentiana × gaudiniana Thomas ex WDJKoch Gentiana gelida M.Bieb. : It occurs in Turkey , Iran , Azerbaijan and Armenia . Gentiana gentilis Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 2000 to 2700 meters in central Yunnan. Gentiana georgei Diels : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4200 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu, southern Qinghai, northern Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan. Gentiana gilvostriata C.Marquand : It occurs in Tibet, Yunnan, India, Bhutan and Myanmar. Gentiana glauca Pall. : It occurs in Siberia, Japan , Russia's Far East, Alaska , Canada and Montana . Gentiana grandiflora Laxm. Gentiana × grandilacustris J.S.Pringle Gentiana grata Harry Sm .: It occurs in southeastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan and northeastern Myanmar. Gentiana × grisebachiana Rouy Gentiana grumii Kusn. : It thrives at altitudes of 3200 to 3300 meters in Qinghai. Gentiana gyirongensis T.N.Ho : It occurs in Tibet and Nepal. Gentiana × haengstii Hausm. Gentiana handeliana Harry Sm .: It occurs in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan and northeastern Myanmar. Gentiana haraldi-smithii Halda Gentiana harrowiana Diels : It occurs in Yunnan and northeastern Myanmar. Gentiana haynaldii Kanitz : It thrives at altitudes of 2100 to 4200 meters in China. Gentiana heleonastes Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 3200 to 4200 meters in China. Gentiana helophila Balf. f. & Forrest : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana hesseliana Hosseus Gentiana hexaphylla Maxim. ex Kusn. : It thrives at altitudes of 2700 to 4400 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu, southeastern Qinghai, Shaanxi (only in Taibai Shan), northern and western Sichuan. Gentiana himalayensis T.N.Ho : It occurs in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim. Gentiana hintoniorum B.L. Turner : It was first described in 1996. It is only known from the type location in the Mexican state of Nuevo León in the Sierra Madre Oriental on Cerro Viejo. It thrives at altitudes of 2300 to 2800 meters. Gentiana hirsuta Ma & EWMa ex TNHo : It thrives on grassy slopes at an altitude of around 2900 meters only in western Sichuan. Gentiana hooperi J.S.Pringle : It thrives in altitudes from 2,300 to 3,100 meters in the mountains in the central and northwestern Mexico. Gentiana horaimontana Masamune : This rare endemic thrives at altitudes of 3600 to 3900 meters only in the southern part of the central mountain range on the island of Taiwan. Gentiana hugelii Griseb. Gentiana huxleyi Kusn. : It occurs in southern Tibet, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim. Gentiana × hybrida Schleich. ex DC. Gentiana infelix C.B.Clarke : It occurs in southern and southeastern Tibet and in western Yunnan, Bhutan, Sikkim and Myanmar. Gentiana intricata C.Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 2200 to 3500 meters in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana itzershanensis Liu & Kuo : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2800 to 3800 meters only in the Hsuehshan mountain range on the island of Taiwan. Gentiana jaeschkei Briefly Gentiana jamesii Hemsl. : It occurs in China, Japan, Korea and eastern Russia. Gentiana jarmilae Halda Gentiana jingdongensis T.N.Ho : It thrives on slopes on roads at altitudes of 2800 to 2900 meters only in central Yunnan. Gentiana jouyana Hul Gentiana kaohsiungensis Chih H.Chen & JCWang : It was first described in 1999. This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2400 to 3200 meters only in the southern part of the central mountain range on the island of Taiwan. Gentiana kaufmanniana Regel & Schmalh. : It occurs in Afghanistan , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and in China. Gentiana khammouanensis Hul Gentiana kurroo Royle : It occurs in India, Pakistan and Nepal. It is used as a medicinal plant and therefore collected in nature, so the stocks are decreasing and Gentiana kurroo is endangered. Gentiana lacerulata Harry Sm . : It occurs in Tibet and in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim. Gentiana laevigata M.Martens & Galeotti : It thrives at altitudes of 1900 to 2800 meters in the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican state of Oaxaca and in Chiapas . Gentiana langbianensis A. Chev. ex S.Hul Gentiana lateriflora Hemsl. Gentiana latidens (House) JSPringle & Weakley Gentiana lawrencei Burkill : The two varieties thrive at altitudes of 2400 to 4600 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwest Gansu, Qinghai, western and northern Sichuan. Gentiana laxiflora T.N.Ho : It only thrives at altitudes of 4100 to 4200 meters in southeastern Tibet. Gentiana leptoclada Balf. f. & Forrest : It only thrives in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes of 2100 to 3000 meters. Gentiana leroyana Hul Gentiana leucomelaena Maxim. : It occurs in China and in Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sikkim and Tajikistan. Gentiana lhassica Burkill : It thrives at altitudes of 4200 to 4900 meters in southwestern Qinghai and in eastern Tibet. Gentiana liangshanensis Z.Y.Zhu Gentiana licentii Harry Sm .: It thrives on slopes only in southeastern Gansu . Ligurian gentian ( Gentiana ligustica R.Vilm. & Chopinet ): It occurs in France only in the Maritime Alps and in Italy only in Liguria and Piedmont . The stocks are considered stable. Gentiana linearis Froel. Gentiana lineolata Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 4000 meters in Yunnan and southwest Sichuan. Gentiana linoides Franch. ex Hemsl. : It thrives only in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes of 3000 to 4000 meters. Gentiana loerzingii Ridl. Gentiana longicollis G.L.Nesom : It was first described in 1990. It is only known from the type location in the Mexican state of Durango in the Municipio Mezquital . It thrives at an altitude of 2400 to 2800 meters. Gentiana loureiroi (G.Don) Griseb. : It occurs in India, Bhutan, Thailand , Myanmar, Laos , Vietnam , and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Hainan , Hunan Jiangsu , Jiangxi and Zhejiang . Occurrences in Taiwan could not be confirmed. Gentiana lowryi Hul Yellow gentian ( Gentiana lutea L. ): It is widespread in the mountains of Central and Southern Europe. Gentiana lycopodioides Stapf Gentiana macgregoryi Hemsl. Gentiana macrophylla Pall. : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Siberia, China, Mongolia and Russia's Far East. Gentiana maeulchanensis Franch. : It occurs in southern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan and in Bhutan, Sikkim and northern Myanmar. Gentiana mairei H.Lév. : It thrives at altitudes of 2,400 to 4,000 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan. Gentiana makinoi Kusn. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu . Gentiana manshurica Kitag. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin , Liaoning , Nei Mongol , Ningxia , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi and Zhejiang. No herbarium specimens could be found that would confirm an occurrence in Taiwan. Gentiana × marcailhouana Rouy Gentiana × marceli-jouseaui Halda Gentiana masonii T.N.Ho Gentiana × media Arv.-Touv. Gentiana meiantha (CBClarke) Harry Sm. Gentiana melandriifolia Franch. ex Hemsl. : It thrives at altitudes of 2200 to 3000 meters in Yunnan. Gentiana membranulifera T.N.Ho Gentiana micans C.B.Clarke : It occurs in southeastern Tibet and in Ghutan , Nepal and Sikkim. Gentiana micantiformis Burkill : It occurs in Qinghai and in southern and southeastern Tibet, in Bhutan and in Sikkim. Gentiana microdonta Franch. ex Hemsl. : It only thrives in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes of 2600 to 4200 meters. Gentiana microphyta Franch. ex Hemsl. : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan and northeastern Myanmar. Gentiana mirandae Paray : It thrives at altitudes of 2000 to 2500 meters in the central Mexican states of Hidalgo , Guerrero and Veracruz . Gentiana moniliformis C. Marquand : It thrives on hills at an altitude of about 2100 meters only in western Yunnan. Gentiana muscicola C.Marquand : It occurs in southeastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan and northeastern Myanmar. Gentiana myrioclada Franch. : It occurs in two varieties in eastern Sichuan. Gentiana namlaensis C. Marquand : It only thrives at altitudes of 4600 to 4900 meters in southeastern Tibet. Gentiana nano bella C.Marquand : It thrives in altitudes from 2,700 to 4,300 meters in the south-eastern Tibet, western Sichuan and the northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana nerterifolia P.Royen Gentiana newberryi A. Gray Gentiana nipponica Maxim. Snow gentian ( Gentiana nivalis L. ): It is widespread in the mountains of southern and central Europe, northern Europe and North America. Gentiana nubigena Edgew. : It occurs in Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet and Bhutan, in northwestern India, in Kashmir, Nepal and Sikkim. Gentiana nudicaulis short Gentiana nyalamensis T.N.Ho : It occurs in two varieties in southern Tibet and Bhutan. Gentiana obconica T.N.Ho : It occurs in southern and south-eastern Tibet, in Sikkim, Bhutan and in eastern Nepal. Gentiana occidentalis Jakow. : It occurs in the former Yugoslavia. Gentiana officinalis Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 2300 to 4200 meters in southern Gansu, southeastern Qinghai, southern Shaanxi and northern Sichuan. Gentiana olgae rule ex Schmalh. : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Gentiana oligophylla Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes from 1800 to 2800 meters in Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan and in eastern Sichuan. Gentiana olivieri Griseb. : It occurs in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia , Iraq , Syria , Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan , Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Xinjiang . Gentiana oppositifolia Zaw. ex Griseb. Round-leaved gentian ( Gentiana orbicularis Schur ): It is widespread in Europe in the Alps and other mountains from southern Spain to the northern Balkans. Gentiana oreodoxa Harry Sm .: It occurs in southeastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan, Bhutan and northeastern Myanmar. Gentiana ornata (D.Don) Wall. ex Griseb. : It occurs in southern Tibet, Bhutan, Sikkim and eastern Nepal. Gentiana Otophora Franch. ex Hemsl. : It occurs in southeastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan and northeastern Myanmar. Gentiana otophoroides Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 3200 to 4100 meters in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana ovatiloba Kusn. : There are two varieties. One occurs in the mountains of central Mexico and in an isolated location in Guatemala. The other only thrives at higher altitudes of 3200 to 3450 meters on Cerro San Andrés in the Los Azufres region in the northwest of the Mexican state of Michoacán . Gentiana pachyphylla Merr. Gentiana × pallidocyanea J.S.Pringle Eastern Alpine gentian , Pannonian gentian, Hungarian gentian ( Gentiana pannonica Scop. ): There are localities for Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, the Czech Republic and Slovenia. The main distribution area is in the Eastern Alps. In Germany, Gentiana pannonica occurs only at two small sites in the border area with Austria. The populations are decreasing and Gentiana pannonica is considered endangered. Gentiana panthaica Prain & Burkill : It thrives at altitudes of 1,600 to 3,800 meters in Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan. Gentiana papillosa Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 2200 to 2800 meters in southwest Sichuan and in central and northwest Yunnan. Gentiana paradoxa Albov Gentiana parryae C.Marquand Gentiana parryi Engelm. Gentiana parvula Harry Sm .: It thrives in sandy locations at an altitude of about 3300 meters only in southwest Sichuan. Gentiana pedata Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 1900 to 3000 meters in southwest Sichuan, northeast Yunnan and in Guizhou. Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Wall. : It occurs in Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Tibet and Yunnan. Gentiana penetii (Litard. & Maire) Romo : It occurs in Morocco and Spain. Gentiana perpusilla Brandegee : It thrives at higher altitudes of 3590 to 3900 meters in the volcanic chain in the Mexican states of México and Veracruz. Gentiana phyllocalyx C.B. Clarke : It occurs in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan, in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and in northern Myanmar. Gentiana piasezkii Maxim. : It thrives at altitudes of 1000 to 4300 meters in southeastern Gansu and in northern Sichuan. Gentiana picta Franch. ex Hemsl. : It thrives at altitudes of 2400 to 3000 meters in southwest Sichuan and in central and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana platypetala Griseb. : It occurs in Alaska and British Columbia . Gentiana plurisetosa C.T. Mason Lung gentian ( Gentiana pneumonanthe L. ): It is widespread in large parts of Europe, in temperate Asia and in parts of the Caucasus. Gentiana praeclara C.Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 1500 to 4200 meters in southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan. Gentiana praticola Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 1200 to 3200 meters in northwestern Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou. Gentiana prattii Kusn. : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4000 meters in northwestern Yunnan, in western Sichuan and in Qinghai. Gentiana primuliflora Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,800 to 3,900 meters in southwest Sichuan and in central and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana pringlei Shabir : This species is endemic to the Indian state of Ladakh. Gentiana producta T.N.Ho : It occurs in Sichuan. Gentiana prolata Balf. f. : It occurs in southeastern Tibet, northeastern India, Bhutan, Nepal and Sikkim. Lying gentian ( Gentiana prostrata Haenke ): It occurs in Central Europe , in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, in Mongolia, in China, Nepal, Russia and in North America. Gentiana pseudosquarrosa Harry Sm .: It thrives at altitudes of 1400 to 3800 meters in southeastern Tibet, southwestern Qinghai, western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana pterocalyx Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,700 to 3,500 meters in western Guizhou, southwestern Sichuan, and northern Yunnan. Gentiana puberulenta J.S. Pringle : It is found in Canada and the United States. Gentiana pubigera C. Marquand : It only thrives at altitudes of 2400 to 3800 meters in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana pulvinarum W.W.Sm. Lesser gentian ( Gentiana pumila Jacq. ) Gentiana pumilio Standl. & Steyerm. : It thrives at altitudes of 2500 to 4070 meters in the Sierra Madre in southwest Guatemala and in southern Chiapas . Spotted gentian ( Gentiana punctata L. ): It thrives in European mountains: in the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkan Peninsula. Purple gentian ( Gentiana purpurea L. ): It occurs mainly in the western Alps (up to the Arlberg ), in the Apennines and in Norway. Gentiana pyrenaica L .: It occurs in Spain, France, Bulgaria, Turkey, Armenia and Ukraine. Gentiana qiujiangensis T.N.Ho : It only thrives in north-western Yunnan at altitudes of around 3900 meters. Gentiana quadrifaria flower Gentiana radiata C.Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 4100 to 4500 meters only in southwest Sichuan. Gentiana recurvata C.B.Clarke : It occurs in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan, in northeastern Myanmar, in eastern Nepal and in Sikkim. Gentiana rhodantha Franch. ex Hemsl. : It occurs in Gansu, Guangxi, Henan, western Hubei, southern Shaanxi, southwest Sichuan and Yunnan. Gentiana riparia Kar. & Kir. : It occurs in Southwest Asia , in Kashmir, Kazakhstan, in Siberia, in China and in Mongolia. Gentiana robusta King ex Hook. f. : It occurs in Tibet, Nepal and Sikkim. Gentiana rostanii Reut. ex Verlot : It occurs in France and Italy. Gentiana rubicunda Franch. : It occurs in four varieties in Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan. Gentiana rubricaulis pig. : It occurs in the central to eastern United States and Canada. Gentiana sagarmathae Miyam. & H.Ohba Gentiana saginifolia Wernham Gentiana saginoides Burkill Gentiana saltuum C.Marquand Gentiana saponaria L .: It occurs in Alabama and Florida . Gentiana satsunanensis T.Yamaz. Japanese gentian ( Gentiana scabra Bunge ): It is found in Japan, Korea, China, Siberia and Russia's Far East. Gentiana scabrida Hayata (Syn .: Gentiana taiwanica T.N.Ho ): The two varieties thrive at altitudes of 2300 to 3800 meters in the central and southern part of the central mountain range of the island of Taiwan. Gentiana sceptrum Griseb. : It occurs in western North America from the Canadian province of British Columbia via the US states of Washington, Oregon to California. Gentiana sedifolia Kunth Gentiana septemfida Pall. : It occurs in Norway , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Russia, Siberia, the Caucasus , Xinjiang , Turkey, Iran and the Crimea . Gentiana serra Franch. : It thrives only in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes of 2400 to 4400 meters. Gentiana setigera A. Gray Gentiana shaanxiensis T.N.Ho : It occurs in Shaanxi . Gentiana sierrae Briq. : It occurs in Spain. Gentiana sikkimensis C.B.Clarke : It occurs in southern and southeastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan, Bhutan, India, northeastern Myanmar, Nepal and Sikkim. Gentiana sikokiana Maxim. Gentiana simulatrix C.Marquand : It occurs in Bhutan, in southwest Sichuan and in southeast Tibet. Chinese jewelry gentian ( Gentiana sino-ornata Balf. F. ): It occurs in China and Myanmar. Gentiana siphonantha Maxim. ex Kusn. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,800 to 4,500 meters in Gansu, Ningxia , Qinghai and northwestern Sichuan. Gentiana souliei Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 3200 to 3900 meters in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana spathacea Kunth : It occurs from central Mexico to the Sierra Madre. Gentiana spathulifolia Kusn. : It occurs in two varieties in southern and western Gansu, in southeastern Qinghai, in Shaanxi and in northern Sichuan at altitudes of 2800 to 3800 meters. Gentiana spathulisepala T.N.Ho & SWLiu : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb. : It occurs in north-western India, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Nepal, Pakistan and eastern Russia. Gentiana stellata Turrill : It occurs in southeastern Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and northwestern India. Gentiana stellulata Harry Sm .: It occurs in two varieties in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes of 3200 to 4000 meters. Gentiana stipitata Edgew. : It occurs in two subspecies in Gansu, Qinghai, western Sichuan, Tibet, northwestern India and Nepal. Gentiana stragulata Balf. f. & Forrest : It thrives at altitudes of 3,000 to 4,300 meters in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana straminea Maxim. : It occurs in China and Nepal. Gentiana striata Maxim. : It thrives at altitudes of 2200 to 3900 meters in Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and western Sichuan. Gentiana stylophora C.B. Clarke Gentiana suborbisepala C.Marquand : It comes in two varieties in Guizhou, in the southwestern and western Sichuan and Yunnan in the northeast at altitudes from 2200 to 4400 meters in front. Gentiana subpolytrichoides Grubov Gentiana subuliformis S.W.Liu : It thrives at altitudes of around 4800 meters only in southeastern Tibet. Gentiana sumatrana Ridl. Gentiana susamyrensis Pachom. Gentiana sutchuenensis Franch. ex Hemsl. : It occurs in southern Gansu, Guizhou, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan. Gentiana szechenyii Kanitz : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4800 meters in southeastern Tibet, in southern Gansu, in Qinghai, in western Sichuan and in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana takushii T.Yamaz. Gentiana taliensis Balf. f. & Forrest : It occurs in Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and in Myanmar. Gentiana tatakensis Masamune : This endemic thrives on grasslands at altitudes of 2500 to 3500 meters in the central and southern parts of the central mountain range of the island of Taiwan. Gentiana tatsienensis Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 3300 to 5000 meters in western Sichuan and in Tibet. Gentiana tentyoensis Masamune (Syn .: Gentiana kaoi Shimizu ): This endemic thrives at altitudes of 1500 to 2400 meters only in northeastern Taiwan. Gentiana tenuissima Hayata : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 50 to 2100 meters only in northeastern Taiwan. Gentiana terglouensis Hacq. Gentiana ternifolia Franch. : It thrives only in northern Yunnan at altitudes of 3,000 to 4,100 meters. Gentiana tetraphylla Maxim. ex Kusn. : It thrives at altitudes of 3300 to 4500 meters in northern and western Sichuan. Gentiana tetrasepala Biswas Gentiana tetrasticha C. Marquand : It occurs in southern Tibet and Sikkim. Gentiana thunbergii (G.Don) Griseb. : It occurs in two varieties in China, Japan and Korea. Gentiana tianschanica Rupr. ex Kusn. : It occurs in northern Xinjiang, western Tibet, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Gentiana tibetica King ex Hook. f. : It occurs in Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet. Gentiana timida Kerr Gentiana tongolensis Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 3500 to 4800 meters in western Sichuan and eastern Tibet. Gentiana tornezyana Litard. & Maire : It only occurs in Morocco. Gentiana trichotoma Kusn. : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4600 meters in Qinghai, in northwestern and western Sichuan and in Tibet. Gentiana tricolor Diels & Gilg : It thrives at altitudes of 2200 to 3200 meters in Qinghai. Gentiana triflora Pall. : It is common in Japan, Korea, Siberia , Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Russia's Far East and the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. Gentiana tubiflora (G.Don) Griseb. : It occurs in southern and southeastern Tibet, Bhutan, northwestern India, Nepal and Sikkim. Gentiana uchiyamae Nakai : It occurs in Jilin and in Korea. Gentiana ulmeri Merr. Gentiana uniflora Georgi Gentiana urnula Harry Sm .: It occurs in southwestern Qinghai, in eastern Tibet, in Bhutan, Nepal and Sikkim. Hose gentian ( Gentiana utriculosa L. ): It occurs mainly in the mountains of Central Europe, Italy and the Balkan Peninsula. Gentiana vandellioides Hemsl. : The two varieties thrive at altitudes of 1,100 to 3,500 meters in western Hubei, southern Shaanxi and eastern Sichuan. Gentiana vandewateri Wernham Gentiana veitchiorum Hemsl. : It occurs in China, Bhutan, Myanmar and Sikkim. Gentiana venosa Hemsl. Gentiana venusta (G.Don) Wall. ex Griseb. Spring gentian , "Schusternagerl" ( Gentiana verna L. ): The five or so subspecies are widespread in Eurasia . Gentiana vernayi C.Marquand : It comes in the southern and southeastern Tibet, before in Bhutan and Nepal. Gentiana viatrix Harry Sm. Ex C. Marquand : It thrives at altitudes of 3400 to 4800 meters in northern and western Sichuan. Gentiana villifera H.W.Li ex TNHo : It occurs in southeast Sichuan. Gentiana villosa L. Gentiana waltonii Burkill : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4800 meters in southern and southeastern Tibet. Gentiana walujewii Regel & Schmalh. : It occurs in northern Xinjiang and Kazakhstan . Gentiana wangchukii E. Aitken & DGLong : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 4120 to 4720 meters only in central Bhutan . The stocks are in isolated locations and are considered stable in 2015. Gentiana wardii W.W.Sm. : It occurs in three varieties in southwest Sichuan, northwest Yunnan, southeast Tibet and Myanmar. Gentiana wasenensis C.Marquand : It thrives on slopes at elevations from 2,900 to 3,600 meters only in the northern Sichuan. Gentiana wilsonii C.Marquand It thrives on grassy slopes, under bushes and in forests at altitudes of 2800 to 4000 meters in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana winchuanensis T.N.Ho : It thrives in forests at altitudes of around 2400 meters only in northern Sichuan. Gentiana wingecarribiensis L.G. Adams Gentiana wootchuliana W.Paik Gentiana xanthonannos Harry Sm .: It thrives on slopes and in forests at altitudes of 2100 to 2400 meters only in northwestern Yunnan. Gentiana yakushimensis Makino : It occurs in Japan. The only herbarium evidence that this species is said to occur in Taiwan comes from Japan. Gentiana yokusai Burkill : It occurs in two varieties in China, Japan and Korea. Gentiana yunnanensis Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 2300 to 4400 meters in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, southwest to western Sichuan, northeast and northwest Yunnan. Gentiana zekuensis T.N.Ho & SWLiu : It thrives on damp mats and under bushes at altitudes of 3200 to 3600 meters only in southeastern Qinghai . Gentiana zhenxiongensis L.H.Wu & ZTWang : She was first described in 2012 from Yunnan. Gentiana Zollingeri Fawc. : It occurs in China, Japan, Korea and eastern Russia.

symbolism

Austrian 1 cent coin

Many types of gentians have the pure blue flower color, which is rare in the plant kingdom, which is why these gentians have become a symbol of loyalty.

The gentian is depicted on the Austrian euro cent coins , as well as on the Romanian one-leu note and the Swiss five-franc coin .

The German Federal Railroad used the designation “ Blauer Enzian ” for a long - distance express train and later Trans-Europ-Express between Hamburg and Munich , the route of which was later extended to Austria.

use

The "rhizomes" of some gentian species have been used since the Middle Ages to make schnapps , as medicines and to stimulate appetite. In contrast to the blue flowering gentians depicted on many bottle labels, the large species ( tall herbaceous gentians) , especially the yellow gentian ( Gentiana lutea ), are used for distilling schnapps , in addition, purple gentian ( Gentiana purpurea ), spotted gentian ( Gentiana) are used punctata ) and the Hungarian gentian ( Gentiana pannonica ).

Gentians are also used as a bitter substance ( amarum ). The most bitter "natural" substance in the world, amarogentin , is extracted from the roots of certain species . Amarogentin is still clearly noticeable even in a dilution of one to 58 million.

With many types of gentian, the above-ground parts also taste bitter and are therefore avoided by grazing cattle. This is one reason why species of gentians have been able to keep well on the grazed alpine meadows.

All European gentian species are under nature protection , which means that they may neither be picked nor dug up. For this reason, attempts are currently being made to cultivate the gentian required for making schnapps, and a large part of the drugs required for making schnapps and medicines is already being cultivated and harvested as a special crop in fields.

Types used in making schnapps and medicines
Yellow gentian
( Gentiana lutea )
Hungarian gentian
( Gentiana pannonica )
Spotted Gentian
( Gentiana punctata )
Purple Gentian
( Gentiana purpurea )

Varieties of some species and hybrids are used as ornamental plants .

Misleading trivial names

The Indian yellow gentian (Kuru, Katuka), a bitter medicinal herb of the West Himalayas ( Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth .; Plantaginaceae ) and the closely related plant 胡黃蓮 hú huáng used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) do not belong to the genus lián , Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell (Plantaginaceae).

swell

Ting-nung Ho, James S. Pringle: Gentianaceae. Gentiana Linnaeus. P. 15–93 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16 - Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 . (Sections Description and Systematics)
Entry on the Gentianaceae website .
Ho Ting-nong, Liu Shang-wu, Lu Xue-feng: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Gentiana (Gentianaceae). In: Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. Volume 34, Issue 5, 1996, pp. 505-530.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu Ting-nung Ho, James S. Pringle: Gentianaceae. Gentiana Linnaeus. P. 15–93 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16 - Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d data sheet at the Gentian Research Network .

^ ^A ^b Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd Müller: Rothmaler - Excursion flora of Germany: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-50420-8 , pp. 406-410 ( Gentiana on pp. 406-410. In the Google book search).

↑ Linné 1753 first publication scanned on biodiversitylibrary.org .

^ ^A ^b Gentiana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Gentiana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

↑ David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora alpina. An atlas of all 4500 vascular plants in the Alps . tape 2 . Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-258-06600-0 , p. 10-24 .

^ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ José A. Villarreal – Quintanilla, A. Eduardo Estrada – Castillón, Diana Jasso de Rodríguez: El género Gentiana (Gentianaceae) en México - The genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae) in Mexico. In: Polibotánica. Volume 27, México, 2009. online.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Gentiana in the Red List of Threatened Species of IUCN 2018-1. Retrieved on 2018-11-08.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Chih-Hsiung Chen, Jenn-Che Wang: Gentianaceae. In the Digital Flora of Taiwan.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Chih-Hsiung Chen, Jenn-Che Wang: Revision of Taiwanese Gentiana - Revision of the genus Gentiana L. (Gentianaceae) in Taiwan. In: Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. Volume 40, 1999, pp. 9-38.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Karol Marhold: Gentianaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . 2011, accessed November 4, 2018 .

↑ Eitel-Friedrich Scholz: The gentian does not only bloom blue. undated , oeav-obergailtal.at .

↑ Identified taste sensors for the world's bitterest natural substance. (No longer available online.) German Institute for Nutritional Research , formerly the original ; Retrieved March 20, 2013 (press release). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ Picrorhiza kurroa. Spektrumverlag: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs . Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth (Plantoginaceae). In: Ammon scrap: Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth (Plantoginaceae). In: Medicinal plants of Ayurvedic and Western medicine . 2012, p.
418 ( limited preview in Google Book search). .
Picrorhiza Kurroa (Hu Huang Lian) chineseherbshealing.com

Supplementary literature

Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (= Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
Hansjörg Küster: History of the landscape in Central Europe. Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-45357-0 .
T.-N. Ho, S.-W. Liu: A worldwide monograph of Gentiana. Science Press 2001.

Web links

Commons : Enziane ( Gentiana ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Gentiana at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Gentiana at Tropicos.org. In: Peru Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Gentiana at Tropicos.org. In: Panama Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Gentiana at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Gentiana at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Gentiana at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Gentiana at Tropicos.org. In: GLORIA . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Gentiana at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Pictures of the Austrian species and with one click a profile of the species at Botanik im Bild - Flora von Österreich .
Numerous detailed recordings at botanische-spaziergaenge.at
List of Gentiana species occurring in France at tela-botanica.org .

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu Ting-nung Ho, James S. Pringle: Gentianaceae. Gentiana Linnaeus. P. 15–93 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16 - Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .

[GentianRN-2] ta sheet at the Gentian Research Network .

[Rothmaler2016-3] A ^b Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd Müller: Rothmaler - Excursion flora of Germany: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-50420-8 , pp. 406-410 ( Gentiana on pp. 406-410. In the Google book search).

[Linné1753-4] Linné 1753 first publication scanned on biodiversitylibrary.org .

[Tropicos-5] A ^b Gentiana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[GRIN-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Gentiana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[FloraAlpina2004-7] David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora alpina. An atlas of all 4500 vascular plants in the Alps . tape 2 . Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-258-06600-0 , p. 10-24 .

[ExFlfÖLS2005-8] Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .

[Villarreal–Quintanilla2009-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ José A. Villarreal – Quintanilla, A. Eduardo Estrada – Castillón, Diana Jasso de Rodríguez: El género Gentiana (Gentianaceae) en México - The genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae) in Mexico. In: Polibotánica. Volume 27, México, 2009. online.

[IUCN-10] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Gentiana in the Red List of Threatened Species of IUCN 2018-1. Retrieved on 2018-11-08.

[DigitalFoTaiwan-11] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Chih-Hsiung Chen, Jenn-Che Wang: Gentianaceae. In the Digital Flora of Taiwan.

[Chen1999-12] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Chih-Hsiung Chen, Jenn-Che Wang: Revision of Taiwanese Gentiana - Revision of the genus Gentiana L. (Gentianaceae) in Taiwan. In: Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. Volume 40, 1999, pp. 9-38.

[Euro+Med-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Karol Marhold: Gentianaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . 2011, accessed November 4, 2018 .