Wreath anians
Wreath anians | ||||||||||||
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Rough Kranzian ( Gentianella aspera ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Gentianella | ||||||||||||
Monk |
The plant genus gentianella ( Gentianella ) belongs to the family of the Gentian family (Gentianaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
Gentianella species grow as annual or biennial or, more rarely, perennial herbaceous plants . The leaves are cross-opposite or, more rarely, whorled in basal leaf rosettes or distributed on the stem. The leaf blades are simple.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are terminally single or together in zymose inflorescences .
The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The four or five sepals are fused. In the calyx there is no connecting skin (in contrast to many Gentiana species ). The four or five petals are fused tubular or funnel-shaped. In contrast to many Gentiana species, there are no plicae between the corolla lobes, appendages or fringed scales at the base of the corolla. There are nectaries at the base of the corolla tube. There is only one circle with four or five stamens . The stamens are inserted on the corolla tube and do not protrude from the corolla tube. The stylus is short to absent. The scar is bilobed.
The bilobed capsule fruit contain many seeds. The seed surface is smooth to warty.
Systematics and distribution
Most Gentianella species are native to South America. There are also species in the temperate zones of New Zealand, Australia, Asia, Europe, North America and northwestern Africa.
The genus Gentianella was created in 1794 by Conrad Moench in Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi , p. 482 with the type species Gentianella tetrandra Moench. set up. The generic name Gentianella is a diminutive and simply translated directly means the "Little Gentian". Synonyms for Gentianella Moench are: Aliopsis Omer & Qaiser , Aloitis Raf. , Arctogentia Á.Löve , Chionogentias L.G.Adams , Parajaeschkea Burkill , Pitygentias Gilg , Selatium G.Don .
The genus Gentianella belongs to the subtribe Swertiinae from the tribe Gentianeae within the Gentianaceae family .
In the past, the wreaths ( Gentianella ) were added to the genus of the gentians ( Gentiana ), but these two genera now belong to different subtribes. The clearest distinguishing feature is that in all Gentianella species native to Central Europe there is a fringed and vascularized scale per corolla lobe in the throat of the corolla. This creates a kind of wreath (see name "Kranzenzian"). These gullet scales can also be missing in non-European species. The fringed gentian ( Gentianopsis ) with fringed crown lobes and the hair throat ( comastoma ) with also fringed but anatomically different throat scales were later separated from the wreaths.
There are (about 125 to) about 250 species in the genus Kranziane ( Gentianella ). Here is a selection:
- Gentianella acuta (Michaux) Hultén : It iswidespreadin North America , Eastern Russia , Mongolia , Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Liaoning , Ningxia , Shaanxi , Shandong and Shanxi .
- Bitter fringed gentian ( Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner ): It is common in North America and Europe.
- Gentianella angustiflora Harry Smith : It occurs in Kashmir , Nepal and Tibet .
- Chalice wreath ( Gentianella anisodonta (Borbás) Á.Löve & D.Löve ): Its home is Austria , Switzerland , Italy , Slovenia , Croatia and Turkey .
- Gentianella anomala (C.Marquand) TNHo : It thrives at altitudes of 3400 to 4200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan .
- Gentianella antarctica (Kirk) TNHo & SWLiu : It occurs in New Zealand .
- Gentianella arenaria (Maximowicz) TNHo : It thrives at altitudes of 3400 to 5400 meters in northern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Qinghai .
- Rough Kranzian ( Gentianella aspera (Hegetschw. & Heer) Skalický, Chrtek & J.Gill )
- Austrian Kranzian ( Gentianella austriaca (A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.) Holub )
- Gentianella azurea (Bunge) Holub : It is distributed in Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Bhutan , Mongolia, Siberia , Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, northwestern Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and Xinjiang .
- Field wreath ( Gentianella campestris (L.) Börner )
- Engadin-Kranzian ( Gentianella engadinensis (Wettst.) Holub ): It occurs in Switzerland, Italy and Bulgaria .
- Gentianella gentianoides (Franchet) Harry Smith : It thrives at altitudes of 2,700 to 4,200 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Sichuan, northeastern and western Yunnan.
- German fringed gentian ( Gentianella germanica (Willd.) Börner )
- Carpathian wreath ( Gentianella lutescens (Velen.) Holub )
- Gentianella moorcroftiana (Wallich ex G.Don) Airy Shaw : It is common in Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Kashmir , Nepal and Tibet.
- Zwergenzian ( Gentianella nana (Wulfen) NMPritch. ): Its homeland is Austria, Italy and Croatia .
- Haar-Kranzian ( Gentianella pilosa (Wettst.) Holub ): Its home is Italy and Slovenia .
- Bohemian gentian ( Gentianella praecox (A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.) E. Mayer , Syn .: Gentianella bohemica Skalický ): It occurs in Germany , Austria, the Czech Republic and Poland .
- Gentianella pygmaea (Regel & Schmalhausen) Harry Smith : It is common in Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Sikkim , India, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan and Xinjiang.
- Branchy wreathsian ( Gentianella ramosa (Hegetschw.) Holub ): It occurs in France, Italy and Switzerland.
- Rätisch-Kranzian , or misleading Deutscher Kranzian, ( Gentianella rhaetica (A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.) Á.Löve & D.Löve )
- Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small : It is distributed in North America in Canada and in the USA.
- Styrian Kranzian ( Gentianella styriaca nom. Nud.)
- Tender gentian , tender fringed gentian ( Gentianella tenella (Rottb.) Börner ): Its home is Europe.
- Gentianella turkestanorum (Gandoger) Holub : It is common in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Russia , Mongolia and Xinjiang.
- Gentianella uliginosa (Willd.) Börner (Syn .: Gentiana uliginosa Willd. , Gentiana amarella subsp. Uliginosa (Willd.) Arcang. , Gentiana amarella subsp. Uliginosa (Willd.) P.Fourn. , Gentianella amarella subsp. Uliginosa (Willd.) ) Tzvelev )
- Gentianella umbellata (M.Bieb.) Holub
swell
- Ting-nung Ho, James S. Pringle: Gentianaceae. : Gentianella , p. 136 ff. - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
- Entry on the Gentianaceae website.
- Klaus Bernhard von Hagen, Joachim W. Kadereit: The phylogeny of Gentianella (Gentianaceae) and its colonization of the southern hemisphere as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation , In: Organisms Diversity Evol. , 1 2001, pp. 61-79.
- Lena Struwe, Joachim W. Kadereit, Jens Klackenberg, Siwert Nilsson, Mike Thiv, Klaus Bernhard von Hagen, Victor A. Albert: Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. , Pp. 21–309, In: Lena Struwe, Victor A. Albert (editor): Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ting-nung Ho, James S. Pringle: Gentianaceae. : Gentianella , p. 136 ff. - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .
- ^ Gentianella at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ A b c d Gentianella in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Karol Marhold: Gentianaceae. 2011: Datasheet Gentianella In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
Supplementary literature for European species
- Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
Web links
- The Austrian species in picture and with a click with a profile.
- Lena Struwe: Datasheet of the Tribus Gentianeae from the Gentian Research Network . (engl.)
- Gentianella on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2009. Accessed August 21, 2017.