History of the city of Leipzig
The history of Leipzig was shaped by its importance as a trading center. Thanks to its favorable location at the intersection of trade routes and trade fair privileges, it already held an outstanding position in the trade in goods, and later also in the printing and book trade . Leipzig was never a royal seat or a bishopric and was always characterized by urban bourgeoisie. The University of Leipzig , founded in 1409, is one of the oldest universities in what is now the Federal Republic of Germany . In the 19th and 20th centuries, Leipzig grew rapidly and was at times the fourth largest German city after Berlin , Hamburg and Breslau , ahead of Munich . As an industrial location, it has lost its importance since reunification , but it holds its own as a trade fair and university city and through its cultural heritage.
prehistory
The oldest references to the settlement of the Leipzig city area date from the Neolithic . In the Matthäikirchhof , legacies of the band ceramic culture were discovered. Finds of the spherical amphora culture are also known. Bronze Age urns with corpse burns were found on the grounds of the south cemetery and the former Dominican monastery. Imperial-era finds of the Elbe-Germanic type in the area in and around Leipzig are usually interpreted as legacies of the Suebian tribe of the Hermunduren .
The Greek mathematician and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy created in the second century AD with the Geographike Hyphegesis an atlas of the then known world. The map of " Germania magna " (Greater Germany), which he drew with the support of surveyors from the Roman army in Germania, contains information on numerous mountains, rivers and islands, the names of 94 places in the area of Germania magna, including the settlement " Aregelia " as an important city. According to the interpretation of an interdisciplinary research team from the Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation Technology at the Technical University of Berlin under the direction of Dieter Lelgemann , the city of Aregelia is said to have been located in the area of Leipzig.
Until the year 531, the area of what would later become the city of Leipzig belonged to the Kingdom of Thuringia . After the Thuringians were defeated by the Franks , they left the region between the Elbe , Saale and Mulde . Around 600 Slavs then settled in this area and mixed with the remaining Thuringians. The presence of the Sorbs was documented for the first time in writing in the Burgundian Fredegar Chronicle from 631. The region around Leipzig was referred to as " Chutizi ".
After several smaller disputes with the Franks, they invaded the areas of the Slavic tribes and founded, for example, the diocese of Erfurt . Further advances followed against the Saxons, and so several forts (for example Magdeburg and Halle) were founded to prevent incursions from the Sorbian side.
Leipzig in the Middle Ages - From the East Franconian castle settlement to the city
The Leipziger Land was probably settled again in the early 8th century, the area of what will later be the city center is shown to have been inhabited by two unfortified settlements in the 9th century.
At the beginning of the 10th century, several East Franconian castles were built on the sites of former Sorbian villages, such as at Lipsk, where the Sorbs had to participate in the construction of the castle, so that it was probably completed as early as 929. This had a footprint of about 150 × 90 meters, with the wall about 3.50 m thick and 30 m high. There was a defense tower in the center of the complex. The entire castle was divided into several lower castles and a main castle, which were protected by bastions in front. The first chapels were built at this time, for example the St. Peter's Chapel or that of the Irish-Scottish monks, based on the model of the mother monastery of St. Boniface in Erfurt. The result was the "urbs Libzi", as Thietmar von Merseburg calls it.
Leipzig was first mentioned in 1015 in the chronicle of Thietmar von Merseburg . This gave the place of death of the Bishop of Meissen , Eidos I , with urbs Libzi , a four hectare settlement, as recent excavations have shown. In the 11th century the settlement was expanded to the southeast.
Though founded in the city of the year 1165 will still be considered: the traditional instrument, called the City Charter, the Margrave Otto the Rich of Meissen the location at the intersection of Via Regia with the Via Imperii the city charter and market rights granted, however, is not dated and was probably made afterwards.
The first evidence of mint Leipzig with Brakteaten been provided to the Marquis of Otto rich. A Leipzig mint was first mentioned in a document around 1220.
The location of the oldest German castle is controversial. Because of the field name "Alteburg", many researchers suspected that it was in the Partheaue, near today's Lortzingstrasse. A castle in the area of the Matthäikirchhof is first documented in the Pegau Annals in 1216 . A suburbium fortified with a moat was located between Großer Fleischergasse and Hainstraße. The oldest pottery here comes from the end of the 9th century.
At the head of the city were originally bailiffs as representatives of the sovereign. A local mayor ( scultetus ) took over the management of the city since the 13th century . He was assisted by assessors (consules). From 1301 the mayor and the “council” took over the government. The council consisted of 12 to 15 members who changed annually. Since the 15th century the council offices have been awarded for life.
The oldest preserved parish church, St. Nikolai , was built from 1165. The St. Thomas Church was added in 1212 and the St. Thomas Choir was founded at the same time . In the course of the 13th century several monasteries were founded, including the St. Thomas Monastery as a canon monastery of the Augustinians and the Cistercian monastery of St. George .
The city's oldest hospital - first mentioned as Spittal sente Jorgen - was founded in 1212 as part of the Thomas Monastery. It was used to receive the sick, but also pilgrims and the homeless. In 1439 it was bought by the city. Today's St. Georg Hospital emerged from it.
In 1409 the "Alma Mater Lipsiensis", the University of Leipzig , was founded as one of the oldest German universities. At Charles University in Prague , the voting rights of the university nations had been changed and there were tensions between traditional and Hussite theologians, which is why the German professors and students moved to Leipzig.
With the partition of Leipzig signed in 1485, Leipzig fell to the Albertine line together with the eastern Wettin possessions .
Leipzig Fair
The origins of the Leipziger Messe also lie in the Middle Ages . In 1190 the Easter and Michaelmas markets were confirmed, and in 1268 the escort privilege was issued. These privileges laid the foundation for the rise of long-distance trade in Leipzig. By a privilege of the Roman-German king and later Emperor Maximilian I , they were elevated to imperial fair in 1497 . The trade fair privilege was extended by the stacking right . In addition, a fine of 50 gold marks was imposed on every city that violated the supremacy of the Leipzig market. The provisions of the royal privilege were particularly at the expense of other regional trading centers such as Erfurt, Halle and Magdeburg.
Even after 1497 there were attempts to thwart the development of Leipzig's dominance in regional and long-distance trade. Frankfurt / Oder, Naumburg, Annaberg and Erfurt set up additional or new markets and thus violated the privilege. In 1515 a document was therefore obtained from the Pope, which threatened ecclesiastical penalties. Over the centuries, Leipzig has steadily developed from a more local or regional trading center to an international trade fair location. It played a particularly important role in east-west trade.
Early modern age
The persecution of witches began in Leipzig in the 15th century . According to current research, 30 people were involved in witch trials between 1479 and 1730 , 14 of whom were executed and one person died during torture . On May 13, 2019, the Leipzig city council approved a memorial plaque for the victims of the Leipzig witch persecution at the old town hall, the former seat of the Leipzig lay judge's chair .
As early as 1501, the Leipzig council commissioned the first water pipeline. It was built from pine trunks by the pipe master Andreas Gentzsch and supplied public fountains on the Brühl and the market square, the Pauline monastery and numerous town houses with water from the Marienbrunnen. In 1519 a water art was set up to use the water of the Pleißenmühlgraben, others followed later. In 1511/12 the old Nikolaischule was established as the first municipal Latin school.
In 1519 the Leipzig disputation between Martin Luther and the opponent of the Reformation Johannes Eck took place in Pleißenburg . After the death of Duke Georg, who remained an old believer, in 1539, the Reformation was introduced in the city under his successor Heinrich with the participation of Luther and Justus Jonas . Johann Pfeffinger became the city's first superintendent.
In January 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War , Leipzig was besieged for two weeks by the troops of the Ernestine-Saxon Elector Johann Friedrich I , without being able to take the city. After this siege, the defenses were fundamentally redesigned with bastions, which the Moritzbastei still bears witness to today .
The old town hall was built within a year from 1556 under the mayor Hieronymus Lotter in the style of the German Renaissance .
On September 17, 1631, Leipzig was the scene of one of the greatest defeats of the imperial army under Tilly in the Thirty Years' War with the Battle of Breitenfeld . In the former Rittergut Breitenfeld, which today belongs to Leipzig, a Gustav Adolf monument commemorates the Swedish military leader Gustav Adolf . A year later, on November 16, 1632, Gustav-Adolf was killed in the Battle of Lützen , about 10 km southwest of today's Leipzig city limits.
On November 2, 1642, with the so-called Second Battle of Breitenfeld , Leipzig again became the venue for the second largest battle of the Thirty Years' War after the Battle of Nördlingen , which was clearly won by the Swedes. After the battle, the city of Leipzig was also conquered and remained occupied by the Swedes from 1642 to 1650, even after the armistice of Kötzschenbroda between Saxony and Sweden, which was concluded in 1645 . The surrender of Leipzig brought the Swedes an income of 120,000 thalers in cash and 30,000 in cloth and a further 3,500 thalers per month.
From July 1, 1650, the Income Newspapers appeared as the successor to the Weekly Newspaper. Because they were published six times a week, they are considered to be the world's first daily newspaper.
The history of city cleaning begins in 1660, when the city's first town hall sweeper is discontinued. This was also very necessary, since every fifth resident of the city had already died from epidemics.
18th century
Leipzig acquired the nickname "Little Paris" when the progressive trade fair city was equipped with street lighting in 1701 and from then on could be compared with the glamorous Seine metropolis.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Georg Philipp Telemann studied in Leipzig and founded the Collegium musicum here . From 1723 until his death in 1750, Johann Sebastian Bach was employed by the city council as Thomaskantor and “Director musices” (head of all church music in the city). This is where u. a. the St. John Passion , the St. Matthew Passion , the Christmas Oratorio , the B minor Mass and the art of the fugue . In 1729 Bach took over the management of the Collegium Musicum, which until 1741 performed numerous of his secular cantatas and instrumental compositions in Zimmermann's coffee house .
During the Seven Years' War Leipzig was occupied several times by Prussia between 1756 and 1763 . When the Prussian King Friedrich II demanded 1.1 million thalers contribution from the city in November 1760, the city council refused, whereupon Friedrich had the most prominent councilors and richest merchants thrown into prison. The Berlin merchant Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky interfered and achieved a reduction in the contribution to 800,000 thalers, which he advanced to the intimidated city council. He paid the sum in remelted coins with a deteriorated precious metal content (which had already triggered inflation in Prussia and Saxony in the winter of 1756/57), but had the bond issued in old, high-quality coins and thus achieved a profit of up to 40 percent.
From 1765 to 1768 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe studied in Leipzig. His image of Greece was shaped by the Greeks in Leipzig, who were the largest Greek community outside of Greece.
19th century
After Saxony had been allied with France since 1806, the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig took place in 1813 , in which, in the course of the wars of liberation, the armies of Austria , Prussia , the Russian Empire , Sweden and German patriots, Napoleonic France and its allies, allied against Napoleon inflicted a decisive defeat on the Kingdom of Saxony. On October 19, 1813, the Saxon King Friedrich August became. I captured in Leipzig.
In 1825 the Association of German Booksellers was founded in Leipzig .
With the introduction of the new city ordinance for the Kingdom of Saxony in 1832, there was now a city council elected by the population and a mayor who received the title of mayor in Leipzig from 1877 . As early as 1874 Leipzig had left the administration and became an "exemte city". (Today, such cities are called independent cities .) However, it remained the seat of the administrative and district headquarters of Leipzig.
In August 1835 Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy became Gewandhaus Kapellmeister. He held this post until his death in November 1847 and reformed European concert life with the Gewandhaus Orchestra. During this time u. a. the Symphony No. 3 ("Scottish" Symphony), the Violin Concerto in E minor and the oratorio Elias .
In 1839 the Leipzig-Dresden Railway was opened as the first German long-distance railway line. Leipzig gradually developed into the most important traffic junction in Central Germany , which was also reflected in the fact that the largest terminal station in Europe was built there from 1902 to 1915 .
During the pre- march in Leipzig during the visit of Prince Johann in August 1845, there were clashes with fatalities and subsequent demonstrations against the Saxon government. These events came to be known as the Leipzig massacre .
On May 23, 1863, the General German Workers' Association (ADAV) was founded in Leipzig . It is considered the oldest democratic party in Germany and the first predecessor organization of the SPD, which still exists today .
The first Leipzig waterworks was built in Naunhof in 1877, the first water tower in Möckern in 1897 , and that in Probstheida in 1907 .
20th century
From 1899 to 1905, the new town hall was built on the site of the old Pleißenburg, which was demolished . In 1913 the 91 m high Völkerschlachtdenkmal was completed. It stands at the point where the fiercest fighting raged and most of the soldiers fell. This huge monument is one of the landmarks of Leipzig.
The German Football Association was founded in Leipzig in 1900 . The VfB Leipzig in 1903 the first German football champions.
In 1912 the Deutsche Bücherei was founded in Leipzig , the predecessor of the German National Library .
In 1913 the German Life Saving Society was founded in Leipzig and the traditional yellow soup was celebrated for the last time .
As a result of industrialization , but also the various incorporations of the suburbs, the population of Leipzig rose rapidly at the end of the 19th century and made the city with over 700,000 inhabitants the fifth largest city in the German Empire before the Second World War .
Around 17,000 Leipzig citizens died in the First World War. In the course of the November Revolution of 1918, a workers 'and soldiers' council was established in Leipzig under the exclusive leadership of the USPD, which existed until the troops of Freikorps leader Maercker moved in in April 1919.
With the Allgemeine Transportanlagen-Gesellschaft , the Mitteldeutsche Motorenwerke and the Erla Maschinenwerk , the city was also an important location for aircraft construction until the end of the war.
Leipzig developed into the most important location for the book and publishing industry , as well as the associated industry (→ Brehmer brothers ). The Deutsche Bücherei was the most important collection of German-language print products until 1945 .
National Socialism and World War II
From 1930 to 1937 Carl Friedrich Goerdeler was Lord Mayor of Leipzig. Goerdeler initially welcomed the takeover of power by the Nazi regime ; but he did not become a member of the NSDAP . When the monument to the Jewish composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy was demolished in Leipzig in November 1936 , Goerdeler demonstratively resigned from the office of mayor; later he was one of the resistanceists of July 20, 1944 . The mayors until the end of the war were all NSDAP functionaries (see list of mayors of the city of Leipzig ).
On December 20, 1937, the city was named the Reichsmesse city Leipzig or officially renamed.
When thousands of Leipzig Jews were deported to extermination camps in 1942 , there was no resistance.
The city experienced the heaviest air raid on Leipzig in World War II on December 4, 1943, when Royal Air Force bombers attacked ( Operation Haddock ). On July 7, 1944, the US Air Force flew an attack that severely damaged the main train station .
At the beginning of April 1945, Hans von Ziegesar (commandant of Leipzig since January 1943) had around 1,000 soldiers and (only) eight Volkssturm battalions available to defend the city. A few days later, v. Goat sire replaced as combat commander by Colonel Hans von Poncet . Major General of the Police Wilhelm von Grolman commanded about 3,400 police officers. V. Grolman demanded v. Poncet on not fighting; In particular, he called for the bridges over the Weisse Elster not to be blown up because they contained supply lines for gas, water and electricity that supplied the western parts of the city. The bridges were actually not blown up.
Before and during the Second World War, Leipzig was an important arms and business location.
Between 1939 and 1945 at least 60,000 women and men, girls and boys from all parts of Europe were forced to work here . There were several subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp in the city area . The female and male prisoners had to work under the most difficult conditions for armaments companies such as Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft ( HASAG ) and Erla Maschinenwerke GmbH. On April 12, 1945, 53 German and foreign prisoners from two Leipzig prisons on the outskirts of the city were murdered in the course of end- of- war crimes. The next day, 32 police prisoners (Germans, French, Austrians and Czechs) fell victim to Nazi murderers in a Wehrmacht barracks in Leipzig.
On April 18, 1945, units of the 1st US Army occupied Leipzig and set up their headquarters in the Hotel Fürstenhof . There was a few armed resistance.
V. Poncet insisted on a final battle . Even after the resistance in the town hall collapsed (Mayor Alfred Freyberg , his wife and daughter committed suicide), v. Poncet and about 150 fighters in the base of the Monument to the Battle of the Nations; they had 17 US prisoners. They surrendered a day later.
V. Ziegesar was captured by soldiers of the US Army on April 19, 1945 ; he formally handed over the city of Leipzig with a document of surrender.
On July 2, the Soviet Army took over the city as part of the Soviet zone of occupation, based on the 1st London Zone Protocol of 1944 and the decisions of the Yalta Conference . The Soviet Military Administration ( SMAD ) formed the “City Council” and the City Council ; its composition was dictated by the SED regime during the GDR era .
The political changes that began with the arrival of the Soviet occupying power were also reflected in the numerous changes in street names. Monarchist and National Socialist names were replaced by those of resistance fighters against National Socialism.
GDR time
The division of Germany as a result of World War II represented a significant turning point in Leipzig's city history, not least because the city was decoupled from the developments in West German cities and therefore suffered a loss of economic and socio-cultural significance.
With the administrative reform carried out in the GDR in 1952, Leipzig became a district town of the Leipzig district .
In 1955/1956 the central stadium was built from rubble , which was the largest stadium in Europe with over 100,000 seats.
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In the course of the rebuilding of the university's central campus on Augustusplatz (1953–1990 Karl-Marx-Platz) under socialist auspices, the St. Pauli University Church, which was largely undamaged during the war, was blown up in May 1968 . This demolition is sometimes attributed to the urging of the Chairman of the State Council and a native of Leipzig, Walter Ulbricht .
In 1969 the S-Bahn Leipzig was opened.
As in other parts of the GDR, the church also provided a forum for various opposition movements in Leipzig. The social reforms that began in the Soviet Union ( glasnost and perestroika ) in the mid-1980s led to increased political initiatives by these groups, which primarily opposed grievances in society (lack of freedom of expression, assembly and freedom of the press, fraud in local elections, environmental pollution) directed. In this context, the Monday prayers for peace that had been held in the Nikolaikirche in Leipzig since September 1982 were given political relevance when the number of visitors began to rise at the end of 1988 due to the intensified social debate in the GDR. In the period that followed, despite the ban, the number of protests initiated by opposition groups continued to increase, which repeatedly led to numerous arrests of participants by the state security organs. In the course of the 40th anniversary of the GDR, the wave of protests reached its peak in autumn 1989, when Leipzig was finally the scene of mass demonstrations with several hundred thousand participants. The Leipzig rallies, not least on the initiative of regional representatives of culture, the church and the SED, which took place without the intervention of violence by the state, ultimately embodied the image of the peaceful protest of the citizens against the prevailing socio-political conditions in their country, which was being carried out simultaneously throughout the GDR. This resulted in the opening of the inner-German border and the democratization of the social system as well as German reunification .
Development since 1990
It can be stated that although the city places great emphasis on traditional attributes and functions such as its role as a trade fair, media and university city, Leipzig lost a large part of its national importance before the Second World War. As an important business location of the GDR, Leipzig was particularly affected by the economic restructuring after German reunification. Many local industrial companies and publishers could not hold out long under the changed framework conditions. With the end of the traditional spring and autumn fairs, its role as a trade fair location also changed. This fact is symbolized by the creation of a new exhibition center, which was opened in 1996. The university has not been able to save its national and international importance through two system changes.
In the nineties, the trend towards emigration to the old federal states, suburbanization processes and the relocation of retail out of the city center to outlying areas had a negative impact on the urban fabric. Part of the population loss was compensated for by extensive incorporations in the period from 1994 to 2001. Since 2001, Leipzig has recorded increasing migration gains, which are also reflected in a high level of renovation work in the Wilhelminian-style districts. Part of this process is due to some economic consolidation. On the one hand, the city endeavored to attract large industrial companies such as BMW , Porsche or Siemens and, on the other hand, to establish a profile as a logistics location with companies such as Amazon and DHL .
Leipzig also tried to build on its importance as a sports city - albeit with questionable success. As part of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was "old" Zentralstadion demolished as a pure football stadium (venue of the club RB Leipzig) rebuilt . The city also applied to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and prevailed in the German preliminary round in 2003 against Hamburg , Düsseldorf , Frankfurt am Main and Stuttgart , but was not recognized as a candidate city by the IOC .
The city center has also changed its face considerably in the last few decades, without these processes having yet come to a conclusion. Initially, these were mainly characterized by renovation projects, with Jürgen Schneider also playing an important role, but many new buildings were built in particular on fallow land and instead of buildings built in GDR times. Significant structural measures are the renovation of the main station , the new building of the Museum of Fine Arts on Sachsenplatz , the new building of the university on Augustusplatz and the Höfe am Brühl shopping center in the northern city center. In the course of the new university building there was a controversial discussion lasting several years as to whether and to what extent the university church, which was blown up in 1968, should be rebuilt. In 2004 it was decided that the new building for a university auditorium should refer to the church in its architectural form.
The city tunnel built between 2003 and 2013 stands out as a major infrastructural project .
On September 23, 2008, Leipzig received the title “ Place of Diversity ” awarded by the Federal Government .
After Leipzig hosted the 6th German Fire Brigade Day in 1865 and the 18th German Fire Brigade Day in 1913 , the 28th German Fire Brigade Day also took place there from June 7th to 13th, 2010.
In 2016, Leipzig was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .
Incorporations
The following communities and districts were incorporated into the city of Leipzig :
| year | Incorporations | Residents on January 1st |
|---|---|---|
| 1889 | Anger-Crottendorf , Reudnitz | |
| 1890 | Eutritzsch , Gohlis , Neureudnitz, Neuschönefeld , Neustadt , Sellerhausen , Thonberg , Volkmarsdorf | |
| 1891 | Connewitz , Kleinzschocher , Lindenau , Loessnig , Plagwitz , Schleußig | |
| 1892 | Neusellerhausen | 179,689 (357,122¹) |
| 1904 | Lößnig manor district | |
| 1909 | Kleinzschocher manor district | |
| 1910 | Dölitz (with Meusdorf ), Dosen , Möckern , Probstheida , Stötteritz , Stünz | 589,850 |
| February 15, 1915 | Mockau , Schönefeld | |
| 1922 | Großzschocher - Windorf , Leutzsch , Paunsdorf , Wahren | |
| April 1, 1925 | Gutsbezirke Burgaue, Kaserne 106 Möckern; Manor districts Dölitz, Großzschocher (with Vorwerk Windorf), Leutzsch (with Barneck), Möckern, Paunsdorf, Schönefeld, Stötteritz (lower part with Vorwerk Meusdorf) | |
| 1.4.1930 | Abtnaundorf (with a clear view ), Knautkleeberg , Schönau , Thekla | |
| May 15, 1935 | Portitz | 705.782 |
| April 1, 1936 | Knauthain | 699,300 |
| 1979 | Parcels of the Lausen and Großmiltitz districts | 563,980 |
| 1.1.1993 | Hartmannsdorf | 496,647 |
| April 30, 1994 | District Flickert , parcels of the district Göhrenz | 490.851 |
| 1.1.1995 | Louse | 481.121 |
| 1.7.1996 | Funny | 470.778 |
| July 1, 1997 | Seehausen (with Göbschelwitz , Hohenheida , Gottscheina ) | 457.173 |
| 1.1.1999 | Böhlitz-Ehrenberg , Engelsdorf , Holzhausen , Liebertwolkwitz , Lindenthal , Lützschena-Stahmeln , Miltitz , Mölkau , Wiederitzsch , districts Bösdorf , Knautnaundorf , Rehbach ; Parcels of the Eythra district | 491.086 |
| 1.1.2000 | Burghausen , Rückmarsdorf | 489,532 |
¹ with suburbs
A more detailed list of the population can be found under the population development of Leipzig .
See also
literature
- Peter Schwarz: Millennial Leipzig . 1st edition. Volume 1-3. Pro Leipzig, Leipzig 2014.
- Thomas Westphalen : From the »urbs Libzi« to the city , in: Archeology in Germany 6 (2015) 68 f.
- Herbert Küas: The old Leipzig from an archaeological point of view. German Science Publishing House, Berlin 1976.
- Ephraim Carlebach Foundation (ed.): Judaica Lipsiensia: On the history of the Jews in Leipzig. Edition Leipzig, Leipzig 1994.
- Max Eschner: Leipzig's monuments, memorial stones and memorial plaques. Wigand, Leipzig 1910.
- Monika Gibas (Ed.): "Aryanization" in Leipzig. Approaching a long repressed chapter of the city's history 1933–1945. Leipzig University Press, 2007.
- Martina Güldemann: That was the 20th century in Leipzig. Wartberg Verlag, 1999.
- Wolfgang Hocquél : Leipzig. Architecture from the Romanesque to the present. Passage, 2002. 2nd edition 2005.
- Steffen Raßloff : Small history of the city of Leipzig. Rhino, Ilmenau 2020, ISBN 978-3-95560-082-2 .
- Horst Riedel: Chronicle of the city of Leipzig. Wartberg, 2001.
- Claus Uhlrich: Disappeared. Fate of Leipzig monuments, memorial stones and sculptures. Bachmann, Leipzig 1994.
- F. Winkler: The beginnings of Leipzig. Beucha, 1998.
- Leipzig is on fire. Lehmstedt, 2004, ISBN 978-3-937146-06-5 .
- Thomas Seidler, Michael Schwibbe et al .: Time travel: 1200 years of life in Leipzig. Leipziger Verlags- und Druckereigesellschaft, Leipzig 2007, ISBN 978-3-9806625-4-3 .
- Kristina Hammann, Katharina Hammann: Leipzig sagas and legends. John Media, 2009, ISBN 978-3-9811250-7-8 (on legendary events and wondrous things in old Leipzig).
- Emil Kneschke: Leipzig for 100 years. Secular chronicle of a growing city. 2nd Edition. Leipzig 1870 ( full text ).
- Johann Gottlob Schulz: Description of the city of Leipzig. Leipzig 1784 ( Google books ).
Web links
- Leipzig city chronicle
- Dr. Margarete Blank - memorial
- Brief remarks on the historical development of the city of Leipzig
- Beate Broßmann, conference report: "Aryanization" in Leipzig. Approaching a long repressed chapter of the city's history , hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de, July 25, 2005
- City History Museum: Chronology of the Liberation of Leipzig in 1945 ( Memento from October 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 17 kB)
- Chronicle of the air raids on Leipzig on historicum.net
- Interactive website to chronicle the events on October 9, 1989 in Leipzig
Remarks
- ↑ air raid alarm at around 3:40 a.m. the attack lasted an hour
Individual evidence
- ^ Andreas Kleineberg, Christian Marx, Eberhard Knobloch, Dieter Lelgemann: Germania and the island of Thule. The decryption of Ptolemy's "Atlas of the Oikumene". Scientific Buchgesell., Darmstadt 2011, ISBN 978-3-534-24525-3 .
- ↑ Cf. Walter Schwinkowski: Coin and monetary history of the Mark Meissen and the coins of the secular lords in the Meissen style before the Groschen minting - Part 1: illustration panels . Frankfurt (Main), 1931
- ↑ Manfred Wilde: The sorcery and witch trials in Kursachsen , Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2003, pp. 531-538.
- ↑ Working group witch persecution Leipzig: witch trials in / near Leipzig. In: Working group dealing with the witch persecution in Leipzig. January 2016, accessed on July 4, 2020 (German).
- ↑ The city council meets: memorial plaque for victims of witch persecution decided. In: Leipziger Internet Zeitung. March 13, 2019, accessed on July 4, 2020 (German).
- ^ Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for State Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum Wien . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 336-339 .
- ^ Ingrid Mittenzwei : Friedrich II. Von Preußen , pages 108 and 123. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1980
- ↑ Repertory on the general order of cities for the Kingdom of Saxony ... from February 2, 1832. Leipzig 1834
- ^ Statistical yearbook of the city of Leipzig, 6th vol. 1919–1926. Leipzig, 1928, p. 28.
- ↑ Bramke, Werner; Reisinger, Silvio: Leipzig in the revolution of 1918/1919. Leipzig 2009.
- ^ State Archives Leipzig 9.8. Mechanical engineering ( Memento from December 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ State Archives Leipzig 9.8. Mechanical engineering ( Memento from January 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Historical overview of the city of Leipzig
- ^ Forced labor in Leipzig , Memorial for Forced Labor Leipzig
- ↑ www.ibiblio.org Chapter XVII - Sweep to the Elbe : Page 394 f.
- ^ Gina Klank, Gernot Griebsch: Lexikon Leipziger Straßeennamen , Verlag im Wissenschaftszentrum Leipzig, 1995, ISBN 3-930433-09-5 , p. 11
- ↑ Chronicle of the prayers for peace and the politically alternative groups in Leipzig
- ↑ Heinrich August Winkler gives a brief outline of this development: 1989/90: The unexpected unit . In: Carola Stern, Heinrich August Winkler (ed.): Turning points in German history 1848-1990 . Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Tb. Verlag, 3rd edition, 2005, ISBN 3-596-15393-X , pp. 193-226
- ↑ The Reformation Cities of Europe. In: reformation-cities.org/cities, accessed on December 16, 2016. On the importance of Leipzig in the history of the Reformation, see also the sections History , Religions and Choirs .