Hospital St. Georg (Leipzig)
The St. Georg Hospital (later also Georgenhaus ) was the oldest social institution in Leipzig . Since it was founded in 1212, it existed in various forms from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. Today the name of St. Georg is borne by its successor institution, the St. Georg Clinic .
The St. Georg Hospital in front of the Ranstädter Tor (1212–1631)
The deed of foundation of the St. Georg Hospital was drawn up on March 20, 1212 at the Frankfurt Reichstag . Emperor Otto IV empowered Margrave Dietrich von Meißen to found the St. Thomas Monastery and a hospital. Although this document only mentions the establishment of a nameless monasterium et hospitale (monastery and hospital), it is also regarded as the founding document of the St. Thomas School with its St. Thomas Choir belonging to the monastery . In another document from 1213 with the formulation of the task for the hospital, it was first mentioned as Spittal sente Jorgen . The St. George has traditionally been the patron of hospitals and infirmaries. For over 200 years the hospital was operated by the St. Thomas Monastery in accordance with church law and the duty of social welfare. It was initially used as a place to stay for pilgrims and as an asylum for the homeless, orphans and foundlings , but was increasingly devoted to the reception of the seriously ill and infirm .
Initially, the St. Georg Hospital was outside the city wall in front of the Ranstädter Tor in the area of today's Rosentalgasse. ( → Map ) However, a place near the monastery is also indicated (today around Ratsfreischulstrasse at the corner of Martin-Luther-Ring). On September 29, 1439, Bishop Johannes von Merseburg ordered the transfer of the Georgen Hospital and the St. George Chapel from the Thomas Monastery to the City Council of Leipzig. The handover was linked to the requirement to replace the hospital with a new building. This was built in 1440 and 1441 at the old location in front of the Ranstädter Tor. After the change of ownership, it took a significant boom. Many wealthy citizens set up foundations for the hospital. These foundations continuously brought in considerable capital in favor of the St. Georg Hospital until the end of the 17th century (see the table Foundations for the St. Georg Hospital and the City of Leipzig as a whole ).
| Foundations for the St. Georg Hospital | Total number for the city |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Years | number | amount | |
| 1439-1500 | 7th |
2,820 guilders, plus meadows and houses |
24 |
| 1501-1539 | 25th | 11,525 guilders | 70 |
| 1539-1600 | 27 |
2,535 guilders, Gut Eicha, meadows and houses |
81 |
| 1601-1631 | 11 | 1,487 guilders | 57 |
| 1631-1668 | 2 | 250 guilders | 55 |
| 1668-1700 | 2 | 150 guilders | 46 |
| 1700-1750 | 14th | 7,710 thalers | 116 |
| 1750-1800 | 12 | 8,287 thalers | 167 |
The city's Georgenhospital was headed by two hospital masters who were mostly influential and often even councilors, for example Ludwig Scheibe, who was mayor from 1472 to 1499. However, this management was limited to administrative tasks and overall supervision. The management of the house was the responsibility of a landlord who also lived in the house with his family. Medical care was initially taken over by a part-time doctor from the city, until a foundation made it possible to employ a doctor at home in 1517.
In 1546, during the Schmalkaldic War , Duke Moritz von Sachsen ordered the western suburb of Leipzig with the Georgen Hospital to be burned down for better defense. As compensation for the war-related destruction of the building, Moritz, now elector, donated Gut Eicha near Naunhof to the Georgenhospital in 1547 . The hospital was rebuilt in the same place in 1548/1549, although from now on the function as a hostel was no longer available and the temporarily sick, poor and old people were admitted. The hospital experienced the same fate of organized burning again in 1631 during the Thirty Years' War . With that, the hospital had ceased operations, but its assets continued to exist. A quick reconstruction did not take place. The supervisor who administered the property was also the supervisor of the Johannishospital . After his death in 1646, the asset management was transferred to the two heads of the Johannishospital. The decisive factor for this was the fact that some inmates of the Georgen Hospital had been admitted to the Johannishospital and that the tasks of both hospitals were similar, so that one even thought of their union.
The breeding and orphanage (Georgenhaus) on Johannisplatz (1668–1701)
Since the city now needed a “madhouse” ( psychiatry ) and a reformatory, the city council decided to make the assets of the Georgen Hospital the basis of a new facility to be founded. In 1668 the new St. Georgen Hospital was built with the existing capital on the grounds of the Johannishospital . It was located on the north side of the Johannishospital in front of the Outer Grimmaischer Tor (also Kohlgärtnertor). ( → Map ) The new Georgenhaus was now used to accommodate the "mad and senseless", as a penitentiary and reformatory.
Since the orphans who were given family care between 1631 and 1668 were usually not treated well by their foster parents and were not regularly sent to school, an orphanage was soon set up in the new Georgenhaus, which was run by a teacher and a clergyman. The lessons were limited to reading and writing, however, with catechism for the older ones . Since the Georgenhaus was supposed to take care of its own maintenance as much as possible, the children were asked to do light work such as knitting stockings, sewing and other handicrafts.
The Georgenhaus was later used as a foundling house and to accommodate beggars. The Georgenhaus became the poor house of the city and the rooms were soon no longer sufficient. The location outside the city wall seemed unsafe for a prison, as it made it easier for the prisoners to escape. There was a lack of water and the dangers of future acts of war were not negligible. In 1701 the company moved to a new building on Brühl.
From 1710 the old Georgenhaus was used again to accommodate melancholy patients and poor old people. However, since the double management together with the new Georgenhaus caused high costs, the patients were brought to the Haus am Brühl and the Georgenhaus on Johannisplatz was taken over by the Johannishospital in 1765.
The poor, breeding and orphanage (Georgenhaus) am Brühl (1701–1871)
The head of the Georgenhaus Georg Bose pushed ahead with the construction of a new building due to the inadequacies. In 1700/1701 a splendid baroque building was erected within the city wall in the northeast of the city center at the Hallische Bastei at the eastern end of the Brühl (which at that time was still a dead end) at the point where it joins today's Goethestrasse . ( → map )
In addition to serving as an infirmary and orphanage, it was also used to house mentally ill people and “unwilling and unwilling people” in the sense of a workhouse . That such a workhouse was also of economic importance is shown by the fact that the Georgenhaus Leipzig had the Saxon privilege of razing colored wood, i.e. the preparatory work for the production of colors from colored wood .
The overall supervision of the Georgenhaus now had a head who belonged to the city council and was usually the city governor. The Stadtgeschichtliches Museum has an almost complete series of paintings by the head of the Georgenhaus, including Johann Ernst Kregel von Sternbach , who initiated the construction, Johann Caspar Richter and Jacob Bernhard Limburger .
The complex at the Brühl, which from 1705 also contained a church, the Georgenkirche with a ceiling painting by Adam Friedrich Oeser , was expanded several times until 1799. The first expansion took place as early as 1725, when a baroque portal with the figure of Saint George by Paul Heermann was added (now in the City History Museum) as well as two female figures from Breeding and Caritas . In 1729 the neighboring property, on which the first Leipzig opera house had stood, fell to the Georgenhaus. The last extension by Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe also included a classicist decorative facade with four columns facing the park.
In times of war, the George House was also used again as a military hospital, so in the Seven Years' War , the Napoleonic Wars , in the Battle of the Nations and in the German-Prussian War of 1866 .
In 1864 the orphanage was split off from the Georgenhospital and moved to Münzgasse. The property was sold to the Allgemeine Deutsche Credit-Anstalt (ADCA) and the Georgenhaus am Brühl was demolished in 1870/71. The ADCA built a new building and the Brühl was opened to Goethestrasse. Today there is a new hotel building there.
The Hospital St. Georg im Rosental (1871-1892)
After the Jacobshospital had moved to Waisenhausstrasse (today Liebigstrasse) in 1871, the St. Georg Hospital was relocated to the building complex of the former Jacobshospital near the Rosental on July 1, 1871, when the Georgenhaus am Brühl was demolished . ( → Map ) The statue of St. George that remained from the baroque building was placed on the side of the main building and is now in the City History Museum .
The hospital now had the task of looking after the homeless, the mentally ill, ailing and people sentenced to forced labor. With the sale of the valuable property on the Brühl, the hospital's assets had improved significantly, so that most of the budget could be covered from the foundation's own funds.
Since 1881 the facility has been under the city's poor authority. The care and infirmary department was located at the Rosental together with the penal and cleaning department. The municipal swimming pool, which is managed and managed by the Georgenhaus administration, also belonged to the buildings. For the homeless, the Georgenhaus was only a transition point. Apart from a few people (e.g. homeless pregnant women who were admitted to the Georgenhaus itself), these came to the Exmittiertenhaus ( Exmittieren = forced rooms; in the sense of homeless house), a branch of the Georgenhaus, which has been in the former Ratsziegelei since October 1879 the site of today's festival meadow at what is now Jahnallee .
The inadequate old buildings soon fell into disrepair. It was therefore decided to build a new building in Thonberg and the former Jacob Hospital was torn down after 1892.
The forced labor institution at St. Georg in Thonberg (1892–1908)
Although the orphanage had already been transferred to a separate facility in 1864 and the state “insane clinic” was opened on April 17, 1882, the Georgenhaus was not superfluous, because a facility was still required to accommodate “work-shy” poor people who were employed should also improve morally. The dilapidated buildings in the Rosental could no longer do this job. For a necessary new building, a building site in the north of the city was first considered, but it then appeared unsuitable. In 1884, Max Bösenberg was finally commissioned with the planning of an area west of the Bavarian train station . With the incorporation that began in 1889, however, they looked for a cheaper building site in the new suburbs and decided on Thonberg, incorporated in 1890 in the east of the city. ( → map )
The 28,000 m² property at Riebeckstrasse 63 accommodated a work house as well as a care and infirmary house. It consisted of an administration building, a farm building, two men's houses for "detainees" (those arrested to improve), a men's house for those who were cared for with a hospital and cleaning department, a department for young "detainees", a women's shelter, a porter's house with a police station and a shed. The police sent people of both sexes to the labor facility to serve their custody, for "detention" and to remove vermin. The care department took in “humble”, “drunkard”, disabled and poor people who were elderly and physically weak. The sick department was responsible for "the ailing, foot-sick, light patients under police arrests and among the vagabonds assigned by the council who do not require any actual hospital care." The buildings were designed for a total of 400 people (250 "detained" men, 35 arrests for cleaning , 25 men cared for, 10 young “detainees”, 30 slightly ill men, 30 “detained” women including 5 arrested women, 10 treated women and 10 slightly ill women). The whole area was surrounded by a 3.20 meter high wall.
The forced labor facility in St. Georg , which was built with construction costs of around 800,000 marks “in leather-colored solid brick of medium quality”, was inaugurated on November 8, 1892 by Mayor Otto Georgi . A replica of the sandstone relief of Georg fighting the dragon from the former Georgenhaus am Brühl was installed above the portal of the administration building. The institution popularly known as "Georgine" has also taken in homeless people since 1895.
The traditional name of St. Georg, which fell to the forced labor institution, was revoked by a council decision on January 1, 1909 in favor of a new building. The name went to the new hospital in the north of Leipzig, from then on the forced labor institution was called "Städtische Arbeitsanstalt". The old parish office of St. Georg and all church foundations (the altar loan from 1446 as well as various grain, wood and other deposits ) from the former church of the Georgen Hospital were transferred to the new hospital.
During the Nazi era , the institution also served as a collection point for Jews as well as Sinti and Roma. It also functioned as a central control and distribution point for Nazi forced labor .
In the 1970s and 1980s, the facility at Riebeckstrasse 63 housed the closed venereological ward in Leipzig-Thonberg (popularly known as “Tripperburg”), primarily to combat sexually transmitted diseases, but also to discipline young prostitutes.
Later on, the local authority for the disabled moved in here with the Riebeckstrasse residential group for children and young people , and since 2013 there has also been refugee accommodation on the site.
In the southern part of the property there is a practice clinic and the New Church of the Redeemer , built by Ulf Zimmermann from 2004 to 2006 , which was built in place of the St. George's Chapel (former prayer room of the institution).
The St. Georg Municipal Hospital in Eutritzsch (since 1913)
The dramatic increase in Leipzig's population at the end of the 19th century made it necessary to build a large city hospital. This was decided by the city council on January 8, 1908. The new hospital should take the name of the forced labor institution and be called St. Georg Hospital .
On May 26, 1913, it was opened in the north of the Eutritzsch district when the first patients were admitted . ( → map )
Today's St. Georg Hospital sees itself as a direct continuation of the St. Georg Hospital and celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2012.
literature
- Rolf Haupt, Karsten Güldner (Ed.): 800 years of St. Georg in Leipzig. From the hospital of the Canons' Monastery of St. Thomas to the medical and social center. Leipziger Universitäts-Verlag, Leipzig 2011, ISBN 978-3-86583-563-5
- Rolf Haupt, Annegret Gahr: 800 years of St. Georg in Leipzig. (PDF; 691 kB) In: Ärzteblatt Sachsen, issue 3/2012, pp. 114–118, ISSN 0938-8478
- Horst Riedel: Stadtlexikon Leipzig from A to Z. Pro Leipzig, Leipzig 2005, ISBN 3-936508-03-8 , p. 565 f.
- Ortrun Riha : Municipal Hospital St. Georg Leipzig. In: Forays through Leipzig's medical and scientific history. (Leipziger Hefte, H. 10), Sax-Verlag, Beucha 1997, ISBN 3-930076-42-X , pp. 55-58
- Carly Seyfarth: The St. Georg Hospital in Leipzig through eight centuries, 1212-1940. Volume 1. The Hospital at St. Georg from 1212 to 1631. Georg Thieme, Leipzig 1939
- Alfred Odin: Development of the Georgen and Johannis Hospital in Leipzig up to the beginning of the 19th century. Dissertation University of Leipzig, Halle (Saale) 1914
- The new workhouse at St. Georg in Leipzig-Thonberg. In: Leipzig and its buildings. Edited by the Association of Leipzig Architects and Engineers, JM Gebhardt's Verlag, Leipzig 1892, pp. 285–290
- Karl Christian Kanis Gretschel: Leipzig and its surroundings. (Photo-mechanical reprint of the original 1836 edition), Zentralantiquariat der DDR, Leipzig 1980, pp. 90–93, 348–349
Web links
- Timeline on the website of the St. Georg Clinic
Individual evidence
- ↑ Angelika Raulien: From the beginning with a social mission. St. Georg Clinic is in the preparations for its 800th anniversary. Leipziger Volkszeitung from July 18, 2011, p. 17
- ↑ George the Martyr in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
- ↑ Haupt / Güldner: 800 years of St. Georg in Leipzig. P. 24
- ↑ Gretschel: Leipzig and its surroundings. P. 90
- ^ Riedel: Stadtlexikon Leipzig from A to Z. P. 565
- ↑ Haupt / Güldner: 800 years of St. Georg in Leipzig. P. 25
- ↑ Leipzig and its buildings. P. 287
- ↑ Leipzig and its buildings. P. 288
- ↑ http://www.hsozkult.de/conferencereport/id/tagungsberichte-8272
- ↑ Florian Steger , Maximilian Schochow: Traumatization through politicized medicine: Closed venereological stations in the GDR . Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 2015, ISBN 978-3954662401 , Chapter: The closed venereological ward in Leipzig-Thonberg pp. 109–142
- ↑ Children and youth groups around A - “Riebeckstraße” property. Retrieved November 22, 2017 .
- ↑ Open doors at the new location for asylum seekers Riebeckstrasse 63. Accessed on November 22, 2017 .
- ^ Community accommodation at Riebeckstrasse 63. Retrieved on November 22, 2017 .
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