Eythra

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The only structural evidence of Eythra is the artificial ruin "Trianon" at the end of the historic lime tree avenue

Eythra was a village south of Leipzig . Administratively it belonged to the Leipzig-Land district in the Leipzig district . At the beginning of the 1980s, the entire village had to give way to lignite mining and was dredged over by the Zwenkau opencast mine . 1988 which were devastated corridors of Eythra and its hamlet Bösdorf after Knautnaundorf amalgamated with which they came to the city of Leipzig 1999th

Location and local characteristics

Eythra on a map from 1906

Eythra was in the Leipzig lowland bay on the western edge of the meadow of the White Elster . It was about 13 kilometers south-south-west from the city center of Leipzig and 2.5 kilometers north-west from Zwenkau. The Elstermühlgraben ran close to the village , while the White Elster formed the edge of the Eichholz alluvial forest a few hundred meters further east. The remaining sides of Eythra were surrounded by fields.

The neighboring towns, starting clockwise from the north, were Bösdorf , Zwenkau, Großdalzig, and Zitzschen . Kitzen , with which Eythra was connected by roads, was to the west of the place. The railway line Leipzig – Zeitz passed to the west of the town , and Eythra had also had a train station since 1873.

In the center of the village was the manor with a castle and park. To the west of it initially ran two streets with the former rural property. The property on the road to Zwenkau between Mühlgraben and Elster with the Gasthof Grüne Eiche was called Alte Mühle. Extensions followed in the direction of the train station, and with a large housing estate from the 1930s, Eythra increasingly turned into a predominantly residential area.

history

Line ceramic from the Eythraer finds

prehistory

The area of ​​Eythra was already populated in prehistoric times. The devastation of the place in the run-up to the opencast mine made archaeological excavations possible, which provided a plentiful yield of finds. The results reach back to the Neolithic . Between 1993 and 2003, the largest contiguous settlement from the time of the line band and stitch band ceramics (5500-4500 BC) in Central Europe was uncovered. Post holes and settlement pits could be assigned to around 300 houses. At the Eythra site, which has been inhabited for up to 1000 years, the development of house construction from line ceramics to stitch band ceramics can be demonstrated. Around 120,000 shards and 8,000 silices (flint pieces ) as well as containers made of organic material from several wooden wells up to five meters deep could be recovered from trench and palisade works . The found material is processed in a project of the German Research Foundation .

With the Eythra site , the name Eythra once again gained significant importance after the village was liquidated.

The good

A Slavic castle at a Elster crossing is suspected as early as the 10th century. Eythra was first mentioned in 976 as Itera , when Emperor Otto II confirmed the return to Bishop Giselher von Merseburg after the interim appropriation by Margrave Thietmar , whereby an episcopal farmyard may have played a role. In the 11th century, Wiprecht von Groitzsch was associated with Eythra. Up to the 14th century there is talk of a knightly family of those of Eythra.

In 1334 Otto von Pflugk was enfeoffed with the good Eythra. It stayed with the Pflugks until it was auctioned off in 1649 due to over-indebtedness. The Electoral Saxon Chamber, Mountain and Appeal Councilor Dietrich von Werthern was awarded the contract . In 1658 his daughter Rahel inherited her father's property as Baroness von Rechenberg. Her husband Johann Georg von Rechenberg arranged for the previously existing moated castle to be converted into a renaissance castle . From the von Rechenberg family, Georg von Werthern the Elder bought in 1719. Ä. Eythra together with Gut Mausitz , which is not far away , and converted it into a baroque three-wing complex around 1733 . His son Georg von Werthern the Elder. J. laid out the baroque park around 1750 and planted the four-row linden avenue.

After his death, Jacob Friedemann von Werthern became lord of the castle in 1771. The von Werther gentlemen all had high positions at the Dresden court. Therefore the manor was leased and the castle was often only used for celebrations and representation purposes. That changed somewhat when Jacob Friedemann von Werthern was appointed head of the monastery government in Zeitz-Naumburg in 1783 and was therefore able to stay on Eythra more often. He had the park redesigned and the dining room in the castle decorated with wall murals with Roman motifs after engravings by Giovanni Battista Piranesi , henceforth called the Roman Hall. The Roman temple ruins of Trianon were also built during this time. Jacob Friedemann von Werthern was married to Johanna Luise vom und zum Stein, the younger sister of the later Prussian reformer Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein . Since the Wertherns also had possessions in Thuringia, they came into contact with Johann Wolfgang Goethe through the Weimar court , who was very much in love with von Werthern's wife. It is assumed that the establishment of the Trianon can also be traced back to Goethe's influence. After Jacob Friedemann von Werthern's death in 1806, the state official Friedrich Christian Ludwig Senfft von Pilsach became the owner of Eythra through his marriage to the Werthern daughter Henriette .

  • The lock on a drawing by AF Oeser

  • Plan of Eythra Palace and Park around 1800

  • The Trianon 1827

  • The castle before 1840

  • The castle after the renovation in 1840

In 1819 the Leipzig cloth and wool merchant bought Chamberlain David Anger Eythra and Mausitz. In 1839/40, his son Alexander Anger adapted the palace to his civic demands by means of a late Classicist redesign. After the childless Otto Alexander Anger-Coith was found shot in the forest, Alfred Binsack acquired the manor in 1931. This was expropriated in the course of the land reform in 1945. 19 new farmer positions were set up in the corridors of the manor . The castle was converted into the “Hans Franke” youth school and a youth hostel was set up in 1949, which was dissolved in 1955 in favor of the kindergarten and after-school care center. During the GDR era, the castle deteriorated more and more and was finally demolished in the course of the devastation of the place in 1987.

The village

Population development
year Residents
1562 29 yards 
1764 30 yards 
1834 805 
1871 863 
1910 2012 
1925 2303 
1939 2989 
1946 3237 
1950 3345 
1964 2802 
1970 2640 

In the oldest mentions, no distinction is made between village and manor. Around 1200, however, the construction of a "new chapel" at the site of the later church is reported purely village-related, which in 1317 is referred to as the "Eythra parish church". The figures of a winged altar were created for them around 1480/1500, some of which ended up in museums after the Reformation (see below). In 1739/40 the church was enlarged and the previous roof turret was replaced by a tower on the west side. One hundred years later the church was renovated and redesigned inside, which the Anger family who owned the manor played a major role in.

A schoolmaster was first mentioned in Eythra during a church visit in 1545. That the school system must have developed further is shown by the fact that an "industrial and trade school" was set up by the landlord in 1786. A girls' school followed around 1800 and a new school was built in 1825. In 1885 a children's institution for 100 children and the “old” school and in 1901 the “new” school were built, where Max Schwimmer also taught in 1923/1924 .

  • Eythra around 1840

  • Eythra in the winter of 1890

  • The Elster Bridge

  • Once upon a time there was Eythra, the disused opencast mine in 2005

Due to its location on the White Elster, Eythra often suffered from floods. One of these destroyed the old mill on the Elster in 1551. A mill ditch with the new mill was built. The Elsterbrücke had to be renewed several times until it was made of stone in 1868. The village also had to endure other hardships: plague epidemics in the years 1437–1439, 1611, 1633 and 1637 decimated the population. Wars brought hardship and partly destruction over the village: 1430 the Hussites , 1446-1451 the Saxon fratricidal war , 1633 and 1640 deaths and looting through actions in the Thirty Years War , 1706 in the Northern War the Swedes threatened Eythra, from 1806 burdens from French billeting , 1870/71 Participation of 30 Eythraers in the Franco-German War , 58 dead in the First World War and in the Second World War, not only dead at the front, but also 23 in air raids.

The Eythra cantor Johann Christof Leuschner performed a memorable deed when, after the attack on the Lützow hunters on June 17, 1813, he hid 17 of them in Eichholz near Kitzen and helped them to escape to Halle. Almost 50 years later he published his story in the journal Die Gartenlaube .

Until 1815, Eythra belonged to the Hochstift-Merseburg office of Lützen , which had been under Electoral Saxon sovereignty since 1561 and belonged to the Secondogeniture Principality of Saxony-Merseburg between 1656/1657 and 1738 . As a result of the resolutions of the Congress of Vienna , the western part of the Lützen district became part of Prussia in 1815. The Eythra, which remained with the eastern part of the Lützen office in the Kingdom of Saxony , was assigned to the Leipzig district office in 1815. In 1856 it came to the court office in Zwenkau and in 1875 to the administrative authority in Leipzig . With the establishment of the districts of the GDR in 1952, it belonged to the Leipzig-Land district in the Leipzig district .

While Eythra was predominantly agricultural until the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century there was a certain degree of industrialization and the transformation into a place of residence for employees in the nearby city of Leipzig, which can also be seen in the development of the population. There was already a cardboard factory at the end of the 19th century, the Johannes Habscheid foundry was founded in 1923 and the iron foundry and metal works Hermann Richter in 1924, which were expropriated in 1946.

Agriculture took the usual development for the GDR: 1952 establishment of LPGs type I, 1955 merger to type III, 1960 amalgamation with the Bösdorfer LPG and 1972 integration into the cooperative plant production department (KAP).

In 1970, Eythra was declared a mining reserve in the run-up to the Zwenkau opencast mine . In preparation for the mining activity, the Elster and the railway line were moved to the west. The laying of the Elster was completed in 1977. 1982 began the resettlement of the approximately 2100 inhabitants of Eythra. About 60% of them moved to Leipzig- Grünau in prefabricated buildings . In 1984 the parish was dissolved and the cemetery was reburied in a collective grave at Leipzig's southern cemetery . The relocation was completed in mid-1986. The houses were demolished and the opencast mine covered the former Eythra. In 1998, the opencast mine came to a standstill, and the area of ​​Eythra is today in the Zwenkau lake that was created in the opencast mine .

Bösdorf was incorporated into Eythra as early as 1974. This was already resettled before Eythra between 1980 and 1982. On July 1, 1988, the area of ​​the former town of Eythra was reclassified into the municipality of Knautnaundorf . Since 1999, the Eythra area has partly belonged to Zwenkau and Leipzig.

Memories of Eythra

About two thirds of the historic Lindenallee and the Trianon still exist as memories “on site”. After being overgrown during the open-cast mining operation, the Lindenallee has been restored to a condition that can be walked through and is still being maintained. The Trianon, which was stored in 1986, was rebuilt in its old location in 2002. In addition, there are boundary stones of the former Saxon-Prussian border that ran here and the tombstone of the Eythra cantor Johann Christof Leuschner, the helper of the Lützow hunters.

  • The historic lime tree avenue

  • Border stone between Saxony and Prussia

  • Gravestone for J. Chr. Leuschner, helper of the Lützow hunters

  • The Roman Room in the Leipzig Grassi Museum

  • Wappenstein from the Eythra church, now in Knautnaundorf

  • The collective grave for Eythra in the Leipzig South Cemetery

Since 2007, the Leipzig Grassi Museum for Applied Arts has exhibited the wallpapers from the Roman Hall of Eythra Palace in the “Antiquity to Historicism” section. A coat of arms stone from the Eythraer church for Caesar Pflugk and his mother Agnes, née Loser, who both died in the same year 1578, is now attached to the Andreas chapel in Knautnaundorf. Some of the saints that were removed from the Eythra Church after the Reformation are in the Leipzig City History Museum and a crucifix from the 16th century in the church in Sommerfeld . The bells of the Eythraer church are now ringing in Wiederau , and the organ is ringing in Neustadt / Harz . The bones transferred when the Eythra cemetery was closed rest in a collective grave in the Leipzig south cemetery.

The former residents of Eythra and the neighboring town of Bösdorf have been meeting in Zwenkau every four years since 2004.

In November 2012, Rudolf Binsack, the son of the last landowner Alfred Binsack, handed over several archival items from his possession to the Leipzig State Archives for safekeeping, including several documents from the period between 1527 and 1750.

Personalities

Julius von Pflug

Sons and daughters of the place

People associated with the place

literature

Web links

Commons : Eythra  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Saxon State Office for Archeology (accessed on November 13, 2012)
  2. ^ Harald Stäuble: The first farmers in Saxony. In: Archæo - Archeology in Saxony. Issue 8, 2011, pp. 4–13 (list of contents of the issue PDF file; 264 kB )
  3. ↑ H. Stäuble, I. Camping: Built 7083 years ago. No longer the newest fountain and not the oldest either! In: J. Oexle (Ed.), Archeology currently in the Free State of Saxony: 5/1997, Dresden 1999, ISBN 3-910008-21-6 , pp. 96-105.
  4. ↑ CDS, I A1, 23 (accessed on November 13, 2012)
  5. ↑ Digital Historical Directory of Saxony (accessed on November 13, 2012)
  6. ↑ Swimmer's curriculum vitae from his great-nephew
  7. ^ Cantor Leuschner: Rescue of a detachment of Lützower Jäger. In: Die Gartenlaube , 1861, No. 9, p. 141. ( online )
  8. ^ Karlheinz Blaschke , Uwe Ulrich Jäschke : Kursächsischer Ämteratlas. Leipzig 2009, ISBN 978-3-937386-14-0 , pp. 84 f.
  9. ↑ The Amtshauptmannschaft Leipzig in the municipal register 1900
  10. ↑ Rededication of the Eythraer temple ruins (Trianon) (accessed on November 13, 2012)
  11. ↑ Database of the City History Museum Leipzig (accessed on November 13, 2012)
  12. ↑ Sommerfeld Church at kirche-leipzig.de (accessed on November 13, 2012)
  13. ^ Archives of the Eythra manor received ( memento from March 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) from November 23, 2012

Coordinates: 51 ° 14 ′ 0 ″  N , 12 ° 18 ′ 0 ″  E