Devastation

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Under devastation - also Devastation (from the Latin borrowed language: vastus = far empty, empty ) - is in general, the destruction or destruction understood by landscapes, towns, or individual buildings.

Another meaning of the word is the leaching of soils through overuse.

Reasons for devastation

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In the past, major destruction was mainly caused by acts of war , fires or epidemics.

The term is also used today to describe the destruction of the landscape through the deforestation of forests , the construction of open- cast pits , overburden or tailings heaps in mining and the destruction of settlements through the construction of dams . In the meantime, the term also refers to inner-city areas, the former residential development of which was demolished and cleared as part of the large-scale housing demolition (see also: Urban redevelopment ) in East German cities.

Lignite mining

Breitenfeld opencast mine, Wolteritz , 1990

The term devastation is most often used in connection with relocation as an impact of lignite mining . In particular, the extensive use of the landscape for large-scale mining subsidies often makes the abandonment of settlements necessary. The following relocations of settlements have taken place in the German lignite districts:

  • Lusatian district : Devastation of 135 settlements, relocation of 27,500 inhabitants, of which 103 settlements and 22,200 inhabitants in Brandenburg and 32 settlements and 5,300 inhabitants in Saxony;
  • Central German district : Devastation of 126 settlements, resettlement of 51,200 inhabitants, of which 72 settlements and 23,000 inhabitants in Saxony, 40 settlements and 26,200 inhabitants in Saxony-Anhalt and 4 settlements and 2,000 inhabitants in Thuringia;
  • Rheinisches Revier : 47 settlements and 28,400 inhabitants;
  • Helmstedter Revier : 4 settlements and 2,850 inhabitants.

A total of 312 settlements have fallen victim to German lignite mining since the beginning of the 20th century, and 109,950 residents have been resettled. A large part of the devastated areas were in the districts in the GDR , since lignite mining here, for reasons of self-sufficiency, was only allowed to take little consideration of the grown cultural landscape with its sometimes centuries-old settlements. As in Magdeborn , up to 3,200 inhabitants lived in the dug-up towns in the Central German Revier, also known as lost places . In order to continue the lignite mining beyond 1990, plans have already been drawn up to relocate small towns such as Zwenkau and Pegau with over 7,000 inhabitants. In Upper Lusatia , too, there were plans for over-dredging large parts of Zittau . The examples of Heuersdorf and Horno make it clear that lignite mining still requires interventions in the settlement network today. However, the lengthy processes carried out in both cases also show that efforts to achieve socially acceptable resettlement do not necessarily result in acceptable resettlement procedures, as in the case of the Großgrimma community .

Similar devastations were also recorded in other European lignite mining areas, with the densely populated northern Bohemian lignite area being particularly affected. Large-scale interventions in the settlement network took place here in the 20th century, to which 33 settlements fell victim in the mining area around Most (Brüx) alone . About 46,000 people were resettled. What was particularly striking was the demolition of Most's old town and the technically demanding relocation of the deanery church to a charred residual pillar, which was recognized worldwide.

Other mining branches can also cause devastation of settlements. One example is the uranium ore mining of SDAG Wismut , which in the Saxon-Thuringian uranium province fell victim to four settlements in their entirety and another nine settlements in part.

The costs for the restoration of the post-mining landscape are also called perpetual obligations.

Reservoirs

Germany

When the Edersee was flooded , the villages of Asel , Berich and Bringhausen , which lay in the Eder valley, were destroyed. Parts of the villages Nieder-Werbe and Herzhausen were flooded.

When the Biggetalsperre was flooded , more than 20 towns or hamlets were flooded.

When the Möhnesees was flooded, the former village of Kettlersteich sank completely in the water. Most of the village of Delecke (Alt-Delecke) was also flooded.

In the flooding of Obernausees the villages were Obernau and Nauholz and part of Brauersdorf destroyed by the pent-up water.

From the mid-1960s onwards, the villages of Auchel, Berg, Dresbach, Finkenrath, Hohl, Jägerhaus, Niederodenspiel, Nothausen, Sprenklingen, Strießhard and Ufersmühl were demolished for the construction of the Wiehltalsperre .

Switzerland

literature

  • Academy for spatial research and regional planning (ed.): Lignite planning and resettlement problems in spatial planning in Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . ARL working material Volume 265, Hannover 2000.
  • Andreas Berkner: Mining-related relocations in the central German lignite mining areas and their consequences for the settlement and population structure . In: Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geoswissenschaften, Vol. 16 , Halle 1994, pages 113–128.
  • Andreas Berkner: Lignite mining and settlement development in Central Germany. Walking a tightrope between upswing, destruction and new opportunities . In: Dachverein Mitteldeutsche Strasse der Braunkohle (Ed.): Brown coal mining and settlements . Leipzig 2001, pp. 8-19, ISBN 3-9807201-3-6 .
  • Konrad Billwitz: The North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin . Problems of its national cultural development . In: Scientific journal of the University of Halle . Issue 4/1977, Halle 1977, pp. 83-103.
  • Frank Förster : Disappeared Villages. The demolition of the Lusatian lignite mining area by 1993 . In: Writings of the Sorbian Institute, Vol. 8 . Domowina Verlag, Bautzen 1995, ISBN 3-7420-1623-7 .
  • B. Griehl: Is the environmental pollution consciously accepted? Devastation and recultivation in North Bohemia and North Moravia . In: Geography Today . Issue 10/1982, pages 52–59.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Insights into “ideal” nature conservation , come-on.de, Märkischer Zeitungsverlag from October 17, 2010, accessed on April 28, 2019.
  2. ↑ Overall balance (status: 2001) according to: Andreas Berkner: Brown coal mining and settlement development in Central Germany. Walking a tightrope between upswing, destruction and new opportunities . In: Dachverein Mitteldeutsche Strasse der Braunkohle (Ed.): Brown coal mining and settlements . Leipzig 2001. pp. 8-19. ISBN 3-9807201-3-6