Waterworks
A waterworks is a system for the treatment and provision of drinking water .
Essential components include filters , pumps and often a (fresh) water storage tank or water tank . In addition, there are elevated tanks , fittings and control rooms where the distribution of drinking water into the pipeline network is controlled and monitored. Laboratories that control the chemical and biological composition of the water are also operated in larger waterworks.
If the water supply comes from the groundwater , the waterworks is usually located directly at the well . The area is usually designated as Zone I of a drinking water protection area. Groundwater enrichment systems, which bring additional flowing water from rivers or streams into the groundwater ( bank filtration ), are often part of such a waterworks.
If the supply comes from springs or surface water ( lakes ( see also: lake waterworks ), running water ), the water is transported via pipes from the spring catchments to the waterworks. In the latter case, treatment systems for water treatment in the waterworks are also necessary, where the chemical and biological quality of the drinking water is produced.
The most striking feature of a waterworks used to be the water tower that was often found in the flatlands . Nowadays this is mostly replaced by deep tanks with appropriate pump groups.
In contrast to ordinary drinking water plant, there are also water works for the production of process water are designed.
Modern waterworks, which were set up from the second half of the 19th century, were usually organized as communal operations in the spirit of municipal socialism .
History of the waterworks
In the Greek city of Pergamon (Bergama), about 100 kilometers north of today's Izmir in Turkey, it was built around 200 BC. A waterworks that supplied the residents with spring and surface water from tributaries up to 40 kilometers away. The highlight was a three-kilometer high-pressure line that crossed a valley using the principle of communicating tubes . Up to now, expensive aqueducts had been built in similar cases , around 800 BC. In the south of what would later become Armenia , where a 56-kilometer pipeline brought around 40 million cubic meters of mountain spring water to the Urartian city of Tushpa every year . The Assyrian city of Nineveh was founded in the 7th century BC. BC is supplied by a system comprising a total of 80 kilometers of pipelines from 18 source rivers. The Hanging Gardens of the Semiramis in Babylon were opened via a pumping station - around 600 BC. - irrigated: A goblet-operated scoop lifted an endless chain of buckets filled with water to the top of the sloping gardens. The aqueducts in Rome are known around the turn of the ages. Vitruvius describes in the 1st century BC Roman pedal bikes, which were kept in operation by trampling men in the upper part, which replaced the power of the flowing water and "pumped" the water from the lower-lying basins into higher-lying channels. Around 900, when this Moorish center was the largest city in Europe, Córdoba's waterworks included scoop wheels (norias) as high as a house, which carried the river water to higher-lying primary canals, from where it was distributed over the entire area via secondary canals.
In Bautzen , a waterwheel-driven system of piston pumps lifted the Spree water into an elevated tank from 1496 , from where it flowed to the highest point in the city at the meat market and from there into 86 wells. In the 16th century, large mill wheels drove water pumps in several places in Germany , which later overcame height differences of up to 250 meters. In northern Germany in particular, it was the brewers who came together to form communities to build such “water arts”. In 1681 the world marveled at a water hoist with 14 huge water wheels at Le Port-Marly on the Seine , which sent the river water to the gardens of Versailles six kilometers away . Early water lifting systems are also known from Marburg an der Lahn, Bad Wildungen and Rothenburg ob der Tauber (1573–1599). In 1696 the philosopher and technician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz dammed the line and used the falling water as an energy source for a water lift that supplied the Herrenhausen Gardens in Hanover .
Hydraulic “rams” were used for smaller amounts of water in hilly areas from the end of the 18th century: They use the impact force that arises when a pipe through which water flows from a higher spring is suddenly closed. Valves control the shocks in such a way that a higher pressure is created in a boiler, which is partly filled with air, causing the escaping water to shoot upwards. The French physicist Denis Papin was pumping with one of his more advanced steam engine 1706 water in an overhead tank, which then Fountains of the castle Kassel was gushing. The Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Had a pumping station built in the style of a Moorish mosque for the water features at Sanssouci Palace . The minaret hides the 36 meter high chimney of the steam engine.
Around 1600 there were “water arts” in 33 German cities and over 100 smaller towns - mostly technically interesting pressure systems that pumped water into wells and a more or less large number of houses and gardens. The first central public water supply in today's sense was established in Hamburg in 1848 with the “Central City Water Art” in Rothenburgsort . Two 70 hp steam pumping machines imported from England sent the purified water from the Elbe into a 76 meter high water tower which, in addition to containers, risers and downpipes, also enveloped the chimney for the exhaust gases from the coal-fired steam boiler. The water then flowed over 62 kilometers of pipes to the attics of 4,000 townhouses (a third of the existing ones). Berlin , which benefited from easily pumped groundwater, followed in 1856, Frankfurt am Main in 1873.
Historical: German Bundestag in the old waterworks Bonn ,
January 1990
Cond waterworks , 1911 (June 2014)
Essen waterworks (1870)
"Water reservoir" Canton St. Gallen , 1895, Switzerland (March 2009)
Maryino Water Tower (Tosno District, Leningrad Oblast ), Russia (August 2015)
See also
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Wiktionary: Wasserwerk - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
literature
- Hanno Trurnit: History (s) behind the rooster. About water art and waterworks. Frank Trurnit & Partner Verlag GmbH, Ottobrunn 2006, ISBN 3-9806986-6-1 .