Common field knight spur

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Common field knight spur
Common barbarian spur (Consolida regalis), illustration

Common barbarian spur ( Consolida regalis ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Delphinieae
Genre : Field Knight Spurs ( Consolida )
Type : Common field knight spur
Scientific name
Consolida regalis
Gray
Common barbarian spur ( Consolida regalis )
Consolida regalis

The Common Field larkspur ( Consolida regalis S.F. Gray , Syn. : Delphinium consolida L. ) also arable Larkspur mono- or Field larkspur called, is a species of the genus of consolida ( Consolida ) in the family of Ranunculaceae (Ranunculaceae).

description

The common barbarian spur is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 50 centimeters. The alternate leaves are divided into 1 to 3 parts in 1 millimeter wide, linear tips.

The flowering period extends from May to August. In a racemose inflorescence , five to eight flowers each have bracts that are shorter than the flower stalks. The blue-violet flowers have a simple, about 2 to 4 centimeters long horizontal or upward-pointing spur , which is formed from two nectar leaves that have grown together . There is only one carpel .

The single, bare follicle fruit is about 2 centimeters long and contains many seeds .

The chromosome number for both European subspecies is 2n = 16.

ecology

The common barbarian spur is annual in summer or winter and in the latter case then perennial as a rosette plant . It is rooted up to 50 centimeters deep.

In terms of flower biology, it is a male "bluebell with sticky pollen". The nectar funnel has an entrance the size of a bumblebee. The nectar is only accessible to long-probed bumblebees and other insects with a proboscis at least 15 mm long. Style and stamens bend upwards to maturity. The blue color of the flowers is caused by the anthocyanin delphinidin .

The fruit ripens from August to September. This causes the seeds to spread themselves as a dehydration spreader, and it is also a wind spreader. The seeds are cold germs .

Occurrence

The common barbarian spur was widespread in Central Europe , but has become rare due to the increased use of herbicides and intensive soil cultivation. In Germany it is classified as endangered in the Red List of Endangered Species .

The common barbarian spur needs nutrient-rich cereal fields , paths, and drying places. It also thrives on warm, moderately dry to fresh, nutrient-rich and base-rich, neutral-mild, humus-rich, loose loam soils. In Central Europe it is a character species of the association Caucalidion lappulae.

Subspecies

There are two subspecies in Europe:

  • Consolida regalis subsp. paniculata (Host) Soó (Syn .: Delphinium paniculatum Host ), occurs in Europe mainly in the southeast
  • Consolida regalis subsp. regalis , occurs in Europe mainly in the east, south and central Europe

Toxicity

All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the seeds. The seeds contain up to 1.4% alkaloids , mainly lycoctonine , delcosine and delsonine .

The effect is similar to aconitine , but weaker. In the past, symptoms of poisoning occurred in cattle when they ingested large amounts . Due to the sharp decline in the plant, poisoning is hardly possible today.

use

In the past, the alkaloid-poor flowers were used as a medicine. Since there is currently no evidence of its effectiveness, the drug is no longer used as a medicine.

Often, because of their beautiful blue color, dried flowers are still found as a decorative drug, especially in bladder and kidney teas and also in tea blends for other indications.

photos

  • Consolida spec LC0067.jpg
  • Consolida regalis.jpg
  • Consolida regalis 030705.jpg
  • 20150605Consolida regalis1.jpg

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the common field knight spur: Addersporn ( Middle Low German ), Adebarsnibben ( Mecklenburg , Pomerania ), horn cumin ( Silesia ), Kappelkraut, Kreienfot (Mecklenburg), Lerchenklau ( East Prussia ), St. Ottilienkraut, Rätterspuren ( Siebenbürgenpuren) ), Ridderblomen ( Low German ), Rittersblume, Ritterspiel, Ritterspörlein, Rittersporen ( Eifel ), Larkspur, Rydderblomen (Middle Low German) and Sporlin ( Middle High German ).

history

swell

Historical illustrations

literature

  • Bruno P. Kremer: Steinbach's great plant guide , Ulmer (Eugen), Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4903-6
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Roth / Daunderer / Kormann: Poisonous plants, plant poisons. 4th edition.
  • Ingrid Schönfelder and Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants , Franckh-Kosmos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2011, ISBN 3-440-09387-5

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  398 .
  2. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Pages 72-73, Helsinki 1989. ISBN 951-9108-07-6
  3. ↑ Ordinary field knight spur at gifte.de
  4. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 132. ( online ).
  5. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 310 (Book III, Chapter 77): Delphinion (digitized version)
  6. ↑ Cpg 226 , Alsace 1459–1469, sheet 104v: Ritter sporn water is well drenched in the eyes (digitized version )
  7. ↑ Cpg 545 , Nürnberg (?) 1474, sheet 108r – 108v: Ritter sporn Item ritter sporn water is good for all blight of the eyes a cloth moistened with the water cleanses all blight of the eyes if you put it on and is good for The force for the body and for the intestine is looking for and whoever does not like to keep the food, drinks it and likes to harp and also drives the stone from the ploss (digitized version )
  8. ↑ Cpg 558 , Northern Bavaria, around 1470–1485, sheet 23r: Knight's spurs vasser that is good for all redness in the eyes and swear: and a cloth draped over the inside and placed on the eyes admitted all red swirls too and is also good for all constrained in the body and sought out for everything: and whoever does not like to hold the food and makes its harp and strays out of the poßen stain: - (digitalisat)
  9. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478 (digitized)
  10. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 96: Consolida regalis. Knight's blomen or knight's spur (digitized version )
  11. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 216: Granum culcul (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 95v – 96r: Ritter sporn (digitized version )
  13. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 19: Knight's spurs (digitized version)
  14. ^ Sebastian Franck : World Book. Tübingen 1534, sheet 51v: ... On S. Johans day (summer solstice) sye make a simetfeür (solstice fire) ... (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, part I, chapter 195: Ritter Sporn (digitized version)
  16. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 8: Chamilles… The third gender… (digitized version )
  17. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franck am Mayn 1586, Journal 330R-330V: Larkspur (digitized)
  18. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 256-257: Delphinium (digital copy) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 396–397: Delphinium (digitized version )
  19. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 259: Calcatrippa (digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Gewöhnlicher Feldrittersporn ( Consolida regalis )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files