Field Knight Spurs

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Field Knight Spurs
Common barbarian spur (Consolida regalis), typical spurred flowers

Common barbarian spur ( Consolida regalis ), typical spurred flowers

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Delphinieae
Genre : Field Knight Spurs
Scientific name
Consolida
Gray

The field knight spurs ( Consolida ) are a genus of plants from the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). They are similar to and closely related to the Larkspur ( Delphinium ). There are about 40 species in this genus, all of which are annuals .

The plant parts contain diterpene - alkaloids and are therefore toxic.

description

Illustration of the common barbarian spur ( Consolida regalis ).
Garden barnacle spur ( Consolida ajacis )
Oriental barbarian spur ( Consolida hispanica )
Consolida pubescens
Common barbarian spur ( Consolida regalis )

Larkspur species grow as annual herbaceous plants . The alternate leaves are petiolate and pinnate.

In terminal, simple or branched, racemose inflorescences there are 3 to 45 (rarely up to 75) flowers together with foliage-like bracts . The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and long spurred. There are two bract circles. The colors of the bracts range from various shades of blue to white or rarely yellow. Of the five outer bracts, the upper one is spurred and encloses the two inner, spurred bracts. Of the three to five inner, free bracts, two have grown together to form a spur containing nectar; the others are unspired. There are many stamens present. There is only an upper carpel with many ovules . The stylus has no discernible scar. They are pollinated by butterflies and bumblebees ( entomophilia ).

Narrow follicles with a net-like surface are formed. The dark brown to black seeds have three wings.

distribution

The Consolida species have areas in the temperate and subtropical areas of North America , Eurasia and Africa . In Australia , one species is an invasive plant .

Systematics and distribution

The scientific genus name Consolida is derived from the Latin word consolidare (to fix, curl up, overgrown, heal) and thus probably indicates the earlier meaning of Consolida species and other species called consolida such as Symphytum officinale as medicinal plants. The genus Consolida belongs to the tribe Delphinieae in the subfamily Ranunculoideae within the family Ranunculaceae .

There are about 40 species of field knight spur ( Consolida ) (selection):

swell

  • Wang Wencai, Michael J. Warnock: Consolida. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 274 (English, online ).
  • Michael J. Warnock: Consolida. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 240-242 (English, online ).
  • B. Richardson: Consolida. In: Western Australian Herbarium (Ed.): FloraBase. The Western Australian Flora. Department of Environment and Conservation 2008.
  • Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , pp. 68-74.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Werner Gerabek : 'Consolida maior', 'Consolida minor' and a herbalist. Medical historical observations on the Reinhardsbrunn collection of letters. In: Sudhoff's archive. Journal of the History of Science. Volume 67, 1983, pp. 80-93, here: p. 90.
  2. ^ Friedrich Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language. , 20th edition Berlin and New York 1967, reprint ibid 1975, p. 63 ( Comfrey )
  3. ↑ Walther Ryff : Confect Büchlin and Hausz Apoteck. Frankfurt am Main 1544, p. 7 ('all healing wound herbs, but with many surnames as Consolida maior')
  4. ^ A b Consolida in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. ↑ Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 4: Dicotyledones (Lauraceae - Rhamnaceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1989, ISBN 2-8277-0154-5 , pp. 399-404 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Field Knight Spurs  - Collection of images, videos and audio files