Larkspurs

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Larkspurs
High delphinium varieties (Delphinium elatum hybrids)

Varieties of the tall delphinium ( Delphinium elatum hybrids)

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Delphinieae
Genre : Larkspurs
Scientific name
Delphinium
L.

The larkspurs ( Delphinium ) are a genus of plants from the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The 300 to 350 species are widespread in the Holarctic . In 2015 the Larkspur was named Poisonous Plant of the Year .

description

Delphinium cheilanthum from The Botanical Register Fig. 473, 1820, illustrated by Sydenham Edwards
Delphinium ceratophorum : flower from the side, the spur is clearly visible.

Larkspur species rarely grow as annual or biennial, mostly as perennial herbaceous plants . The leaves are in three parts, hand-lobed to severely divided.

Many flowers stand together with bracts in racemose or umbrella- shaped inflorescences ; the flowers are rarely solitary. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic , spurred and cup-shaped. One of the five outer bracts is spurred and encloses the two inner, spurred bracts. There are two bract circles. Of the four inner, free bracts, the two upper ones are spurred and contain nectar; the two lower ones are unspired. There are many stamens present. There are usually three (more rarely four to ten) free carpels with many ovules . The stylus has a clearly recognizable scar.

Narrow follicles are formed. The seeds have narrow wings.

ingredients

Larkspur species contain poisonous alkaloids , mainly elatin , in all parts of the plant, but especially in the seeds . In addition, among other things, also delphinine , methyllycaconitine , delphisine , delphinoidin , delcosine , delsonine and lycoctonine . Some species were used as medicinal plants in ancient times because of their ingredients .

The symptoms of poisoning are stomach irritation with diarrhea, movement disorders and nervous symptoms. The toxins also attack the heart muscles and cause skin irritation. The garden delphinium and the high delphinium have the highest levels of poison .

As an acute immediate measure, it is recommended to take activated charcoal tablets . The skin should be washed off immediately after contact.

See also list of poisonous plants .

Ornamental plant

The delphinium varieties of individual species are popular ornamental plants for parks and gardens. They are very often planted in perennial beds and are also regularly cared for in cottage gardens .

Tall delphinium ( Delphinium elatum ).
Red delphinium ( Delphinium cardinale )
Slit-leaved delphinium ( Delphinium fissum )
Delphinium glareosum
Delphinium luteum
Delphinium menziesii
Delphinium montanum
Bare-stemmed delphinium ( Delphinium nudicaule )
Delphinium parishii
Stephansraut ( Delphinium staphisagria )

Systematics and distribution

Synonyms of Delphinium L. are Chienia WTWang and Diedropetala (Huth) Galushko.

The botanical genus name Delphinium derives from the Greek delphínion for dolphin plant, because the bud of the flower is said to look like a dolphin .

The knight spurs are similar to the field knight spurs ( Consolida ) and are closely related to them. Especially in the older literature, the field knight spurs are also classified in the genus Delphinium . The latest molecular genetic results show that Consolida (including Aconitella ) is embedded in the phylogenetic tree of Delphinium . It is still open whether the field knight spurs must therefore be incorporated into Delphinium or whether Delphinium is divided into several smaller genera. The matter is complicated by the fact that in this publication Delphinium also appears paraphyletic with regard to the genus aconite ( aconite ) . However, because Eurasian perennial knight spurs were only examined in very small numbers in the study, the results in this regard are only to be regarded as provisional. The relationships after this work are shown by the following cladogram :

 Delphinieae 




Consolida (including aconitella )


   

Delphinium subgen. Delphinastrum + subgen. Oligophyllone



   

Delphinium subgen. Delphinium



   

Aconite



   

Delphinium subgen. Staphisagria



The approximately 300 to 350 Delphinium - species are mainly in the temperate zones Eurasian and North America ( holarctic widespread). In addition, there are few species in the mountainous regions of Central Africa . There are 173 species in China alone, 150 of which are only there. 61 species are native to North America.

For example, form Delphinium bulleyanum with Delphinium delavayi , Delphinium ceratophorum with Delphinium grandiflorum and Delphinium coleopodum with Delphinium delavayi natural hybrid .

Types (selection):

and as hybrids :

No longer belong to the genus Delphinium :

Postage stamps

Larkspur on a stamp of the DBP Berlin , 1976, MiNr 527

On October 14, 1976, the Deutsche Bundespost Berlin issued a stamp with a face value of 70  pfennigs and a surcharge of 35 pfennigs within a set of welfare stamps for the benefit of general welfare. The motif designed by Heinz Schillinger shows a tall delphinium ( Delphinium elatum ). On January 3, 2005, Deutsche Post AG and the Federal Ministry of Finance issued a postage stamp with the delphinium motif as part of the "Flowers" definitive stamp series for Germany. The face value of the stamp is 430 euro cents . This stamp is one of the first issues in the new stamp series.

swell

  • Wang Wencai, Michael J. Warnock: Delphinium. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 223-274 (English, online ).
  • Michael J. Warnock: Delphinium . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 196 (English, online ).
  • Delphinium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  • Hermann Stadler: Delphinium L. . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume IV, 2, Stuttgart 1901, Col. 2516.
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 132-133 .
  • Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , pp. 1354-1355.
  • Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , pp. 57-67.
  • Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 4: Dicotyledones (Lauraceae - Rhamnaceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1989, ISBN 2-8277-0154-5 , pp. 404-408 (on- line ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.gift Pflanzen.com/delphinium_elatum.html
  2. ↑ On the toxicity of the genus. - Institute for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich / Switzerland. (German)
  3. ↑ Simone Andrea Mayer: Poisonous garden plants: You do that with poisoning. In: welt.de . August 21, 2015, accessed October 7, 2018 .
  4. ↑ http://www.natur-lexikon.com/Texte/MZ/003/00275-Hoher-Rittersporn/MZ00275-Hoher-Rittersporn.html
  5. ↑ See also Hans Zotter : Ancient Medicine. The collective medical manuscript Cod. Vindobonensis 93 in Latin and German. Academic printing and Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1980 (= Interpretationes ad codices. Volume 2); 2nd, improved edition ibid. 1986, ISBN 3-201-01310-2 , p. 348 f. ("Noun herbe Delfion: Dicta quod semen ipsius vel flores delfino sit similes." With reference to "Delphinium ajacis L.", the garden delphinium ).
  6. ↑ a b Florian Jabbour, Susanne S. Renner: Consolida and Aconitella are an annual clade of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) that diversified in the Mediterranean basin and the Irano-Turanian region. In: Taxon. Volume 60, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1029-1040, (abstract) .
  7. ^ A b Wang Wencai, Michael J. Warnock: Delphinium. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 223-274 (English, online ).
  8. ↑ a b Michael J. Warnock: Delphinium . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 196 (English, online ).
  9. ^ A b Delphinium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Delphinium  - collection of images, videos and audio files