List of poisonous plants

Cattle killed by poisonous grasses, Australia 1907

This list of poisonous plants contains plants , which even in small quantities to humans in whole or in elements toxic are.

Poisonous plants

Seeds of Brechnuss ( Strychnos nux vomica ), still in the shell.

Milky juice is not always poisonous; with many species of the genus milkweed (Euphorbia) it is.

A poisoning may occur in that the plant material through the mouth into the digestive tract passes. Some plants can also cause skin irritation when touched. Symptoms of poisoning through contact with plant sap are only to be expected in a few plants (such as monkshood) and are expressed, for example, by a local feeling of numbness. There are a few plants where skin contact can lead to severe poisoning. Examples of this are the ongaonga ( Urtica ferox ) and the oak-leaved poison sumac ( Toxicodendron radicans ).

Some poisonous parts of the plant can become edible after appropriate treatment (e.g. boiling). For example, green beans are very poisonous in their raw form, but easily digestible when cooked. Elderberry is also slightly poisonous in its raw form and causes digestive problems. Many poisonous plants are - correctly dosed - despite, or even because of, the poisonous active ingredient medicinal plants .

Planting poisonous ornamental plants poses a health risk. In particular, outdoor areas where children play should be as free of poisonous plants as possible. Careful handling of plants as an educational goal is an important safety factor. Even in domestic animals and pets can enter serious or fatal health problems when they eat poisonous houseplants or garden plants or nibble playfully.

Poisonous plants of Europe

The following list of Europe's poisonous plants is incomplete. There are a total of 50 plant families in Central Europe , the numerous species of which contain toxins. Therefore, the absence of a plant from this list is not an indication of its harmlessness.

Furthermore, it should be noted that the reaction of the organism can always depend on the amount of the toxin, the constitution of the individual and partly also on the genetic disposition. The information on toxicity, as is customary in the specialist literature, is rough classifications based on the average toxicity content and the severity of the cases of poisoning that have occurred based on experience (in relation to the typical dose taken ). Even plants classified as slightly toxic can lead to severe poisoning in individual cases.

Mushrooms are not plants, but form an independent kingdom . For poisonous mushrooms, see list of poison mushrooms .

list

Scientific name	Common name	classification	Toxic parts	Most important active ingredients	Consequences of poisoning	image
Aconitum napellus	Blue monkshood	very poisonus	all plant parts	Aconitine ( alkaloid )	Hypothermia, cardiac / respiratory paralysis, convulsions, death
Aethusa cynapium	Dog parsley	very poisonus	all plant parts	Aethusin ( polyin )	Death from respiratory paralysis
Arum spp.	Arum	toxic	all plant parts	Oxalate , saponin , coniin ( alkaloid )	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, redness
Atropa belladonna	Deadly nightshade	very poisonus	all parts of the plant, especially berries	Atropine ( alkaloid )	Hallucinations, rage, convulsions, death
Brugmansia spp.	Angel trumpet	very poisonus	all plant parts	Scopolamine , hyoscyamine ( alkaloids )	Impairment of consciousness, sedation, death from heart failure
Brunfelsia pauciflora	Brunfelsia		root	Scopoletin ( coumarin derivatives)	Respiratory paralysis
Buxus sempervirens	Boxwood	slightly poisonous - poisonous	all parts of the plant, especially leaves	Cyclobuxin D ( alkaloid )	Vomiting, convulsions, death
Chaerophyllum temulum	Tumbling calf's head	toxic	green parts, also called hay	Falcarinol ( polyin )	paralysis
Cicuta virosa	Water hemlock	very poisonus	all plant parts	Cicutoxin ( polyin )	Nausea, nausea, seizures
Colchicum autumnale	Autumn crocus	very poisonus	all parts of plants, especially seeds	Colchicine ( alkaloid )	Nausea, death from central respiratory paralysis (20–40 mg)
Conium spp.	hemlock	see spotted hemlock, water hemlock
Conium maculatum	Spotted hemlock	very poisonus	all parts of plants, especially seeds	Coniin ( alkaloid )	Paralysis to respiratory failure
Convallaria majalis	lily of the valley	very poisonus	Leaves, flowers	Convallatoxin ( cardenolide )	Numerous symptoms, from nausea to cardiac arrhythmias and circulatory collapse; with the corresponding dose, death occurs
Cyclamen spp.	Cyclamen	toxic	Leaves, tuber	Cyclamine ( saponin )	Cramps, dizziness, circulatory disorders
Daphne mezereum	Real daphne	very poisonus	Berry	Mezerein ( Orthoester )	Nausea, vomiting, cardiovascular disorders
Datura stramonium	Thorn apple	very poisonus	all plant parts	Atropine , scopolamine ( alkaloids )	Fever, impaired consciousness, hallucinations
Delphinium elatum	High delphinium		all plant parts	Elatin ( alkaloid )	Indigestion
Digitalis purpurea	Red thimble	very poisonus	leaves	Digitoxin ( cardenolide )	Cardiac arrhythmias, inflammation, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, hallucinations
Dieffenbachia spp.	Dieffenbachia	very poisonus	green parts, especially sap	Oxalic acid , calcium oxalate crystals	Skin irritation, nausea, cardiac arrhythmia when ingested orally
Dryopteris spp.	Worm ferns	very poisonus		Thiaminase ( enzyme ), filicin , aspidin
Erysimum cheiri	Gold lacquer		all parts of plants, especially seeds	Cheirotoxin ( cardiac glycoside )	Skin irritation, cardiac arrhythmia
Eschscholzia californica	California poppy seeds	toxic	all plant parts	Alkaloids
Euonymus europaeus	Pfaffenhütchen	toxic	all plant parts	Steroid glycosides	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
Euphorbia pulcherrima	Christmas star	slightly poisonous			Skin irritation, symptoms similar to poisoning and digestive disorders
Ficus elastica	Rubber tree	slightly toxic - very toxic	Sap, especially leaves		Skin or mucous membrane irritation, gastrointestinal discomfort and vomiting
Gloriosa superba	Crown of fame		all plant parts	Colchicine ( alkaloid )	Nausea, respiratory paralysis
Hedera helix	ivy	slightly poisonous - poisonous	all plant parts	alpha-hederin ( saponin )	in low concentration also medicinal effects, in high doses stomach problems, fever
Helleborus foetidus	Smelly hellebore	very poisonus	all plant parts	Protoanemonin	Nausea, cramps
Helleborus niger	Christmas rose	very poisonus	all plant parts	Halberdine ( bufadienolide )	Heart trouble
Heracleum spp.	Hogweed	toxic	Contact: all parts of the plant	Furanocoumarins	Redness, blisters, itching, first to second degree burns ( photodermatitis )
Hyacinthus orientalis	hyacinth	slightly toxic	onion	Oxalic acid	Nausea
Hyoscyamus niger	Henbane	very poisonus	all plant parts	Hyoscyamine ( alkaloid )	Heart problems, hallucinations
Ilex spp.	Holly	very poisonus	Leaves, berries	Rutin , ursolic acid , menisdaurin , ilicin , triterpenes , saponins	Nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmia, paralysis, kidney damage, diarrhea, stomach inflammation, drowsiness
Iris spp.	iris		Part of the stem in the ground	16-Hydroxyiridal ( Diterpene )	Indigestion
Laburnum anagyroides	Laburnum	toxic - very toxic	all parts of plants, especially seeds	Cytisine ( alkaloid )	Paralysis to respiratory failure
Lamprocapnos spectabilis	crying heart	Poisonous Plant of the Year 2017
Nerium oleander	oleander	toxic	Leaves, branches	Oleandrin ( cardenolide )	Indigestion
Nicotiana rustica	Peasant tobacco	very poisonus	all plant parts	Nicotine (also nornicotine , anabasine , nicotyrine )	Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, headache, tremors. With severe poisoning also circulatory collapse, cold sweat, cramps, loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest
Nicotiana tabacum	Virginian tobacco	very poisonus	all plant parts	Nicotine (also nornicotine , anabasine , nicotyrine )	Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, headache, tremors. With severe poisoning also circulatory collapse, cold sweat, cramps, loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest
Paris quadrifolia	One berry	very poisonus	all plant parts	Pennogenin ( saponin )	Kidney damage, CNS disorders, fatal
Phaseolus vulgaris	Kidney bean	very toxic (if used improperly)	raw bean pods and their seeds	Lectin	Vomiting, fever, seizures, and shock
Pteridium aquilinum	bracken		all plant parts	Thiaminase ( enzyme ), hydrogen cyanide glycosides , pteridine ( saponin )
Prunus armeniaca	Apricot , apricot	Only bitter apricot kernels are toxic	Seeds	Amygdalin ( cyanogenic glycoside )	Nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, cramps, fainting ( cyanide poisoning )
Prunus laurocerasus	Cherry laurel	toxic	Leaves, seed core	Amygdalin ( cyanogenic glycoside )	Abdominal pain, nausea
Ranunculus spp.	Buttercup , various	slightly poisonous - poisonous	all plant parts	Protoanemonin ( lactone )	Indigestion
Rheum rhabarbarum	rhubarb		Leaf blade	Oxalic acid , anthraquinone	Convulsions, kidney problems
Ricinus communis	wondertree	very poisonus	Seeds	Ricin ( lectin )	Nausea, fever, irregular heartbeat, bloody diarrhea, death
Rhododendron spp.	rhododendron	toxic	all plant parts	Andromedotoxin ( diterpene )	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps
Robinia spp.	Black locust	very poisonus	all plant parts	Robin , Phasias , Syringin , Protocatechin , Indican , Asparagine , Kaempferol , Acacetin , Lectine	Abdominal pain, nausea and nausea
Sambucus spp.	elder		Berries (raw), leaves, shoots, bark	Sambunigrin ( Cyanogenic Glycoside )	Nausea
Solanum dulcamara	Bittersweet nightshade	slightly poisonous - poisonous	all parts of the plant, especially unripe fruits	Solasodine , Soladulcidin , Tomatidenol ( alkaloids )	Vomiting, diarrhea, paralysis up to respiratory paralysis
Solanum lycopersicum	Tomato , tomatoes	very toxic (if used improperly)	green parts, unripe fruits	Solanine	Death from diarrhea, respiratory paralysis (deaths when the leaves are used as tea herbs; green fruits probably only lead to poisoning when consumed in unusual amounts)
Solanum melongena	aubergine		green parts, unripe fruits	Solanine , nicotine ( alkaloids )	Diarrhea, respiratory paralysis
Solanum nigrum	Black nightshade	slightly poisonous - poisonous	all parts of the plant, especially unripe fruits	Solasodine , Soladulcidin , Tomatidenol ( alkaloids )	Vomiting, diarrhea, paralysis up to respiratory paralysis
Solanum tuberosum	potato	very toxic (if used improperly)	all parts of the plant above the ground, green tubers	Solanine ( alkaloid )	Diarrhea, respiratory paralysis (poisoning only when the leaves are used as tea herbs or when the fruits or unusual amounts of green tubers are consumed)
Strychnos ignatii	Ignatius nugget		Seeds	Strychnine , brucine ( alkaloids )	Shortness of breath, cramps
Strychnos nux-vomica	Nugget	very poisonus	all parts of plants, especially seeds	Strychnine ( alkaloid )	Death from respiratory paralysis
Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) vulgare	Tansy		Flowers and stems	Thujone	Vomiting, inflammation of the stomach and intestines with abdominal pain, reddening of the face and dilation of the pupils; in the further course of severe cramps, cardiac arrhythmias, uterine bleeding and damage to the kidneys and liver; in the event of fatal poisoning, circulatory and respiratory arrest occurs
Taxus baccata	Yew trees	toxic - very toxic	Core of the berry, foliage, bark, wood, root	Taxine ( alkaloid )	Disturbances in consciousness, circulatory collapse, respiratory paralysis
Thevetia peruviana	Bell tree , Caribbean or tropical oleander		all plant parts	Thevetine ( cardenolide )	Skin irritation, impaired consciousness
Urtica ferox	Ongaonga		Contact: Leaves	? ( Cardenolide )	Burning irritation with redness and blisters, nerve disorders
Veratrum album	White Germer		all parts of the plant, especially the roots	Protoveratrin , Germerin ( alkaloids )	Vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, shortness of breath
Wisteria sinensis	Wisteria , Wisteria	toxic	Seeds , pods	Wisteria lectin	Digestive disorders, circulatory problems

See also

• Poisonous Plant of the Year
• List of medicinal plants
• List of plants with psychotropic agents

literature

• Andreas Alberts, Peter Mullen: Poisonous plants in nature and the garden . Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 978-3-440-09550-8
• Horst Altmann: Poisonous plants, poisonous animals . 6., through. Edition. BLV Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-405-16255-6
• Dietbert Arnold: Poisonous plants for horses . 1st edition. 152 pages. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2009, ISBN 978-3-8391-2624-0
• Dietrich Frohne, Hans Jürgen Pfänder: Poisonous plants: A manual for pharmacists, doctors, toxicologists and biologists . Scientific Publishing Company, Stuttgart 1982; New edition 1997, ISBN 3-8047-1466-8 .
• Otto Gessner: Poisonous and medicinal plants from Central Europe . 3rd edition, ed. and edited by Gerhard Orzechowski. C. Winter Universitätsverlag, Heidelberg 1974, ISBN 3-533-02372-9
• Johann Friedrich Gmelin : General history of the plant poisons . Reprint of the 2nd edition from 1803, Dr. Martin Sendet oHG, Walluf near Wiesbaden 1973, ISBN 3-500-26320-8
• Heike Gross: What my horse is not allowed to eat: poisonous plants and other inedible foods . Cadmos Verlag, Lüneburg 2000, ISBN 3-86127-236-9
• Gerhard Habermehl, Petra Ziemer: Central European poisonous plants and their active ingredients . 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-540-64810-0
• Gerd Haerkötter, Marlene Haerkötter: Wüterich + Hexenmilch. Poisonous plants: description, effect, stories . Vito von Eichborn GmbH & Co. Verlag KG, Frankfurt 1991, ISBN 3-8218-1228-1
• Axel Hahn, Helga Michalak, Horst Liebenow: Plant risk - assessment and advice: BfR consumer information . Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-931675-89-0
• Karl Hiller, Günter Bickerich: Poisonous plants . 2nd Edition. Urania-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Leipzig 1990, ISBN 3-332-00208-2
• Bruno P. Kremer: Poisonous plants in the house, garden and nature . Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-09172-4
• Horst Liebenow, Karin Liebenow: Poisonous plants: Vademecum for veterinarians, farmers and animal owners . 4th edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1993, ISBN 3-334-60421-7
• Ursula Maier: Poisonous plants - look, don't chew: The Minister of Health informs . 14th edition. Hess. Working group for health education, Marburg 1998
• Harald Nielsen: poisonous plants. 148 European species: determination - effect - history, with illustrations by Bente Sivertsen. (Original edition: Giftplanter. Copenhagen 1979) Translated from the Danish by Gisela Perlet, Stuttgart 1979.
• Rainer Nowack: Emergency manual for poisonous plants: An identification book for doctors and pharmacists . Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1998, ISBN 3-540-64205-6
• Mannfried Pahlow: Poisonous Plants Compass. Reliably identify poisonous plants and their fruits . Gräfe and Unzer GmbH, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-7742-4217-8
• Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poisonous plants-plant poisons: Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-933203-31-7
• Ulrich Rüdt: Medicinal and poisonous plants. 120 medicinal plants from Central Europe in color . Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1973, ISBN 3-440-03983-8
• František Starý: Poisonous Plants . Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 1990, ISBN 3-7684-2315-8
• Ludwig Sascha Weilemann (ed.): Poison advice: plants. Diagnosis - first aid - therapy . Vito von Eichborn GmbH & Co. Verlag KG, Frankfurt 1991, ISBN 3-437-00696-7
• Fritz Schade & Harald Jockusch : beguiling, intoxicating, deadly. Poisonous plants in our environment. Springer Spectrum, Berlin / Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-47189-0 . (Drawings: Fritz Schade; Texts: Harald Jockusch)

Web links

Commons : Category: Poisonous Plants  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Poison plant  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

General

• Information center against poisoning Bonn - about 200 poisonous plants
• official list of poisonous plants in Germany
• Poisonous plants in the garden and nature - Botanical Garden Bochum, picture gallery
• Poisonous Plants . Compendium - about 700 poisonous plants

Special

• Contact poisonous plants of the world
• Use of plants in kindergartens and child-friendly facilities (PDF, 0.1 MB)
• Poisonous plants in playgrounds Berthold Tempel from TÜV Rheinland in an interview about the handling of poisonous plants in playgrounds

Veterinary medicine

• Institute for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of Zurich - database with lists and search functions for poisons, poisonous plants and symptoms
• Poisonous plants for horses - about 100 poisonous plants
• Poisonous plants for cats - about 65 poisonous houseplants

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Swiss dog magazine: leaflet poisonous plants
2. ↑ Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety: List of poisonous plant species . Retrieved October 19, 2014.
3. ^ Poison Information Center, Bonn.
4. ^ Toxicity of the lily of the valley: Ruhr University Bochum
5. ↑ https://www.botanikus.de/Botanik3/Ordnung/Rainfarn/rainfarn.html

This article is about a health issue. It is not used for self-diagnosis and does not replace a diagnosis by a doctor. Please note the information on health issues !