Kaempferol

Structural formula
General
Surname	Kaempferol
other names	Kaempferol; 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -4 H -1-benzopyran-4-one; 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone; Robigeness; Nimbecetin; Populnetin;
Molecular formula	C 15 H 10 O 6
Brief description	yellow powder
External identifiers / databases
EC number	208-287-6
ECHA InfoCard	100.007.535
PubChem	5280863
ChemSpider	4444395
DrugBank	DB01852
Wikidata	Q393336
properties
Molar mass	286.23 g mol −1
Physical state	firmly
Melting point	270 ° C
solubility	soluble in water; soluble in hot ethanol and diethyl ether ; soluble in DMSO ;
safety instructions
H and P phrases	H: 315-319-335-341
	P: 261-280-302 + 352-305 + 351 + 338-308 + 313
	As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Kaempferol (also kaempferol ) than oxidation product of Pelargonidins a natural flavonoid .

Occurrence

Kaempferol comes in red grapes , ginkgo , grapefruits , various types of cabbage such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts , passion flowers , daphne , apples , tomatoes , green tea , potatoes , onions , pumpkin , cucumber , lettuce , green beans , peach , blackberries , raspberries , spinach , aloe vera , Coccinia grandis , Cuscuta chinensis , Euphorbia pekinensis , Glycine max , Hypericum perforatum , Pinus sylvestris , Moringa oleifera , rosemary , Sambucus nigra , Toona sinensis , Ilex , endive , spice lily ( Kaempferia galanga ) and other plants. The genus Kaempferia was named after Engelbert Kaempfer .

properties

Many kaempferol glycosides , for example kaempferitrin and astragaline , can be isolated from parts of plants. The biosynthesis takes place from phenylalanine , from which 4-cumaryl-CoA is formed. As a result, the naringeninchalcone (tetrahydroxychalcone) is formed with three malonyl-CoA by the chalcone synthase . It is naringenin formed and dihydrokaempferol hydroxylated, from which, by dehydrogenation is formed kaempferol.

Kaempferol is a phytoestrogen and is being studied in connection with the apoptosis of cancer cells . There is evidence that the estrogenic effect of Kaempferol could have a positive effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis . Furthermore, kaempferol has antimicrobial , anti-inflammatory, cardio- and neuroprotective , analgesic and anxiolytic effects.

literature

G. Villers, Y. Fougere (Eds.): Kaempferol: Chemistry, Natural Occurences, and Health Benefits. Nova Science Publishers, New York 2013, ISBN 978-1-62618-516-6 (e-book).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Data kaempferol (PDF) at Carl Roth , accessed on May 13, 2017th
^ Entry on kaempferol in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) , accessed on September 24, 2013.
↑ Entry on kaempferol at Tocris, accessed on May 13, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kim SH, Choi KC: Anti-cancer Effect and Underlying Mechanism (s) of Kaempferol, a Phytoestrogen, on the Regulation of Apoptosis in Diverse Cancer Cell Models . In: Toxicological Research . 29, No. 4, December 2013, pp. 229-34. doi : 10.5487 / TR.2013.29.4.229 . PMID 24578792 . PMC 3936174 (free full text).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Calderón-Montaño JM, Burgos-Morón E, Pérez-Guerrero C, López-Lázaro M: A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol . In: Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry . 11, No. 4, April 2011, pp. 298-344. doi : 10.2174 / 138955711795305335 . PMID 21428901 .
↑ J. Peng, Y. Yu, W. Xiong, C. Wan, S. Cao: Chemical constituents of Daphne odora var. Margirmta. In: Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 36 (10), May 2011, pp. 1316-1318. PMID 21837973 (Chinese).
↑ Liu RH: Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet . In: Advances in Nutrition . 4, No. 3, May 2013, pp. 384S-92S. doi : 10.3945 / an.112.003517 . PMID 23674808 . PMC 3650511 (free full text).
↑ Donnapee S, Li J, Yang X, Ge AH, Donkor PO, Gao XM, Chang YX: Cuscuta chinensis Lam .: A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional herbal medicine . In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 157, No. C, November 2014, pp. 292-308. doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2014.09.032 . PMID 25281912 .
↑ de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Fernández-Arroyo S, Segura-Carretero A: Pine bark and green tea concentrated extracts: antioxidant activity and comprehensive characterization of bioactive compounds by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS . In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 15, No. 11, November 2014, pp. 20382-402. doi : 10.3390 / ijms151120382 . PMID 25383680 . PMC 4264173 (free full text).
↑ Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH: Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses . In: Phytotherapy Research . 21, No. 1, January 2007, pp. 17-25. doi : 10.1002 / ptr.2023 . PMID 17089328 .
↑ DuPont MS, Day AJ, Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Kroon PA: Absorption of kaempferol from endive, a source of kaempferol-3-glucuronide, in humans . In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 58, No. 6, June 2004, pp. 947-54. doi : 10.1038 / sj.ejcn.1601916 . PMID 15164116 .
^ Carl von Linné: Critica Botanica . Leiden 1737, p. 93.
↑ Carl von Linné: Genera Plantarum . Leiden 1742, p. 4.
↑ Definition of KAEMPFEROL. In: merriam-webster.com. August 5, 2018, accessed on August 28, 2018 .
↑ AJ Guo, RC Choi, KY Zheng, VP Chen, TT Dong, ZT Wang, G. Vollmer, DT Lau, KW Tsim: Kaempferol as a flavonoid induces osteoblastic differentiation via estrogen receptor signaling. In: Chinese Medicine . Volume 7, 2012, p. 10, doi: 10.1186 / 1749-8546-7-10 . PMID 22546174 . PMC 3350445 (free full text).

[roth-1] Data kaempferol (PDF) at Carl Roth , accessed on May 13, 2017th

[2] Entry on kaempferol in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) , accessed on September 24, 2013.

[3] Entry on kaempferol at Tocris, accessed on May 13, 2017.

[kim-4] Kim SH, Choi KC: Anti-cancer Effect and Underlying Mechanism (s) of Kaempferol, a Phytoestrogen, on the Regulation of Apoptosis in Diverse Cancer Cell Models . In: Toxicological Research . 29, No. 4, December 2013, pp. 229-34. doi : 10.5487 / TR.2013.29.4.229 . PMID 24578792 . PMC 3936174 (free full text).

[calderon-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Calderón-Montaño JM, Burgos-Morón E, Pérez-Guerrero C, López-Lázaro M: A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol . In: Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry . 11, No. 4, April 2011, pp. 298-344. doi : 10.2174 / 138955711795305335 . PMID 21428901 .

[6] J. Peng, Y. Yu, W. Xiong, C. Wan, S. Cao: Chemical constituents of Daphne odora var. Margirmta. In: Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 36 (10), May 2011, pp. 1316-1318. PMID 21837973 (Chinese).

[liu-7] Liu RH: Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet . In: Advances in Nutrition . 4, No. 3, May 2013, pp. 384S-92S. doi : 10.3945 / an.112.003517 . PMID 23674808 . PMC 3650511 (free full text).

[8] Donnapee S, Li J, Yang X, Ge AH, Donkor PO, Gao XM, Chang YX: Cuscuta chinensis Lam .: A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional herbal medicine . In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 157, No. C, November 2014, pp. 292-308. doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2014.09.032 . PMID 25281912 .

[9] Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Fernández-Arroyo S, Segura-Carretero A: Pine bark and green tea concentrated extracts: antioxidant activity and comprehensive characterization of bioactive compounds by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS . In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 15, No. 11, November 2014, pp. 20382-402. doi : 10.3390 / ijms151120382 . PMID 25383680 . PMC 4264173 (free full text).

[10] Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH: Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses . In: Phytotherapy Research . 21, No. 1, January 2007, pp. 17-25. doi : 10.1002 / ptr.2023 . PMID 17089328 .

[DuPont_2004-11] DuPont MS, Day AJ, Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Kroon PA: Absorption of kaempferol from endive, a source of kaempferol-3-glucuronide, in humans . In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 58, No. 6, June 2004, pp. 947-54. doi : 10.1038 / sj.ejcn.1601916 . PMID 15164116 .

[12] Carl von Linné: Critica Botanica . Leiden 1737, p. 93.

[13] Carl von Linné: Genera Plantarum . Leiden 1742, p. 4.

[merriam--Definiti-14] Definition of KAEMPFEROL. In: merriam-webster.com. August 5, 2018, accessed on August 28, 2018 .

[anethinfert-15] AJ Guo, RC Choi, KY Zheng, VP Chen, TT Dong, ZT Wang, G. Vollmer, DT Lau, KW Tsim: Kaempferol as a flavonoid induces osteoblastic differentiation via estrogen receptor signaling. In: Chinese Medicine . Volume 7, 2012, p. 10, doi: 10.1186 / 1749-8546-7-10 . PMID 22546174 . PMC 3350445 (free full text).