Toona sinensis
| Chinese sura tree | ||||||||||||
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Chinese sura tree ( Toona sinensis ) |
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| Toona sinensis | ||||||||||||
| ( A.Juss. ) M. Roem. |
The Chinese sura tree ( Toona sinensis ) is a species of plant of the genus Toona within the mahogany family (Meliaceae). It is widespread in Asia and is used, for example, as a vegetable, wood species and ornamental plant.
description
Appearance, bark and wood
Toona sinensis is a deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 40 meters. The up to 20 meter high trunks reach a trunk diameter ( chest height diameter ) of up to 1.5 meters. There are buttress roots formed. The gray to dark brown bark is cracked. The inner bark is pink to red and fibrous. The cream-colored to red sapwood is fibrous and has a strong smell of garlic and pepper when cut.
Foliage leaf
The alternate and spirally arranged leaves on the branches are divided into petioles and leaf blades and a total of 32 to 120 centimeters long. The bald or softly hairy petiole is 5.5 to 20 centimeters long. The mostly pair-pinnate leaf blade is 50 to 70 centimeters long and 30 to 40 centimeters wide, with 8 to 20 pairs of pinnate leaves . The rhachis leaves are often reddish and hairless or glabrous. The stalks of the leaflets are 3 to 9 millimeters long and bare. With a length of 11 to 22 centimeters and a width of 3 to 5.6 centimeters, the pinnate leaves are narrow-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate with an asymmetrical spreading base and a pointed upper end. The leaf margin is serrated or rarely smooth. The leaf surfaces are glabrous or softly haired, especially on the central and lateral nerves. Club-shaped glandular hairs are conspicuous on the central nerves and branches of the leaflet stalks of the leaf hachis.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering period in China extends from May to October. Toona sinensis is single sexed ( monoecious ). At the end of the twigs, i.e. terminal, a hanging, 30 to 100 centimeters long, paniculate inflorescence is formed. The inflorescence axis is soft or shaggy with short pressed or spread out, simple trichomes hairy or balding. The approximately 0.5 millimeter long peduncle is softly hairy to balding.
Toona sinensis is duodichagam . The unisexual flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope and relatively small with a diameter of 3.5 to 4.5 millimeters. The five free sepals are 0.5 to 1.1 millimeters long and 0.6 to 1.8 millimeters wide, bare on the outside and ciliate on the edge; they form a 1 to 1.5 millimeter long, cup-shaped calyx. The five free, white or pale pink-tinted petals are 2.8 to 4.2 millimeters long and 1.1 to 2.9 millimeters wide, bare on the outside and not ciliate on the edge. The bald androgynophore is 2.5 to 4 millimeters long. There are rarely only one, usually up to five, staminodes , they are 0.7 to 1.8 millimeters long and bare. The bare stamens are 1.3 to 1.8 millimeters long in male flowers and 1 to 1.5 millimeters long in female flowers. In the male flowers, the yellow anthers are 0.8 to 1.2 millimeters long and 0.5 to 0.8 millimeters wide. In female flowers, the reshaped, brown anthers are 0.3 to 0.8 millimeters long and 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters wide with a pointed upper end and sometimes widened. The orange-colored, bald disc has a diameter of 1 to 1.5 millimeters. Five fruit leaves are to a bare ovary deformed, which has a diameter from 1.6 to 2.3 millimeters. Each ovary chamber contains up to six ovules . The style of the male flowers are 1.1 to 1.5 millimeters long and about 0.5 millimeters in diameter. In female flowers, the bald styles are 0.5 to 0.8 millimeters long and have a diameter of 0.3 to 0.4 millimeters; the stylus head has a diameter of 0.5 to 1 millimeter.
Fruit and seeds
The fruits ripen in China from August to January. The 1.5 to 3 centimeter long capsule fruits contain several seeds. The convex columella is 1.2 to 2.9 inches long and 0.6 to 1.1 inches wide. The reddish to dark brown fruit flaps when ripe are 1.5 to 3 centimeters long and 0.4 to 0.7 centimeters wide, smooth or sometimes punctured but without clear lenticels , which have a diameter of 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters and appear scattered. The seeds are winged at one end and are 8 to 16 millimeters long and 3.5 to 6.2 millimeters wide. The seed is 8 to 10 millimeters long and 1.7 to 4 millimeters wide.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 52.
distribution
The original range of Toona sinensis is in Asia and extends through most of the eastern, central and southwestern People's Republic of China to Bhutan , Nepal , northeast India , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Malaysia and western Indonesia . In China, Toona sinensis occurs in Tibet and in the provinces of Anhui, Fujian, southern Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan, southeastern Yunnan and Zhejiang.
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1830 under the name Cedrela sinensis by Adrien-Henri de Jussieu in Bulletin des sciences naturelles et de geologie , Volume 23, p. 241. The new combination to Toona sinensis (A.Juss.) M. Roem. was published in 1846 by Max Joseph Roemer in Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae , 1, p. 139.
There are many other synonyms for Toona sinensis (A.Juss.) M.Roem. : Ailanthus flavescens Carrière , Ailanthus mairei Gagnep. , Cedrela longiflora var. Kumaona C.DC. , Cedrela serrata var. Puberula C.DC. , Cedrela sinensis var. Lanceolata H.L.Li , Cedrela sinensis var. Schensiana C.DC. , Mioptrila odorata Raf. , Surenus glabra (C.DC.) Kuntze , Surenus serrata (Royle) Kuntze , Surenus serrulata (Miq.) Kuntze , Surenus sinensis (Juss.) Kuntze , Toona glabra (C.DC.) Harms , Toona microcarpa var. Denticulata A .Chev. , Toona microcarpa var. Grandifolia A. Chev. , Toona serrata (Royle) M. Roem. , Toona serrulata (Miq.) Harms , Toona sinensis var. Hupehana (C.DC.) A.Chev. , Toona sinensis var. Incarvillei A. Chev. , Toona sinensis var. Schensiana (C.DC.) H.Li ex XMChen .
Common names
Toona sinensis is widespread and therefore has a number of common names , depending on the area and language: Chinese Mahagony, Chinese Toon, Red Toon; Chinese 香椿 , Pinyin xiāngchūn , Chinese 香椿芽 , Pinyin xiāngchūnyá , Chinese 香 樁頭 , Pinyin xiāngchūntóu , Chinese 大紅 椿樹 , Pinyin dàhóng chūnshū ; Hindi : daaraluu; malai. : suren; viet. : tông dù.
Common English names are: Chinese cedar, Chinese mahogany, Chinese toon, Chinese toon buds, Chinese toon leaves, Chinese toon shoots, Red toon, Tree vegetable.
use
The young leaves of Toona sinensis are often used as a vegetable in China; they have a floral, onion-like taste that is attributed to various organosulfur compounds . Trees whose young leaves are colored red are considered to be tastier than green leaves.
The wood is hard and has a reddish color. It is considered valuable furniture wood and is often used for the sound elements of electric guitars . As a "real mahogany" wood (mahogany ≠ Swietenia ), it is often used as a substitute for Swietenia -mahogany ("genuine mahogany").
Toona sinensis is also used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens outside its area of origin .
It is the most cold-tolerant type of the family and therefore the only one that can be successfully grown in Europe .
literature
In Chinese literature , Toona sinensis is often used as a metaphor that uses a mature tree as an image for a father. As a result, one can say the congratulations in sophisticated language "(I) wish your Chun and your Xuan strength and joy" ( Chinese 椿萱 並 茂 , Pinyin chūnxuānbìngmào ). Chun ( Toona sinensis ) refers to the father and Xuan (Hemerocallis) to the mother.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Michel H. Porcher, 2005: Sorting Toona names at MMPND = Multilingual Multiscripted Plant Name Database
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hua Peng, Jennifer M. Edmonds: Toona. : Toona sinensis , p. 113 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 .
- ^ A b c Keith Rushforth: Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins, 1999, ISBN 0-00-220013-9 .
- ↑ Hakbong Lee, Hyesoon Kang, Wan-Geun Park: A rare duodichogamous flowering system in monoecious Toona sinensis (Meliaceae). In: J. Ecology Environ. 42, 2018, Art. No. 7, doi: 10.1186 / s41610-018-0067-2 .
- ^ Toona sinensis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Toona sinensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ↑ Toona sinensis near Hong Kong trees . (Chinese, with photos;)
- ↑ a b Toona sinensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 23, 2016.
- ↑ Li J.-X., Eidman K., Gan X.-W., Haefliger OP, J. Carroll PJ, Pika J. "Identification of ( S , S ) ‑γ-glutamyl‑ ( cis - S ‑1- propenyl) thioglycine, a naturally occurring norcysteine derivative, from the Chinese vegetable Toona sinensis. "In: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Volume 61, 2013, pp. 7470-7476.
- ^ Toona sinensis at Plants For A Future . Retrieved March 27, 2016.
- ↑ Toona sinensis at Oriental Vegetable Seeds .
- ^ Toona sinensis at Taiwan Forestry . (Chinese, with photos.)
- ↑ Press Release UNEP / 181_Cites Trade Controls to Take Effect for Mahogany . .
- ↑ D. More, J. White: Cassell's Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 2003, p. 709.
- ↑ "wishing your Toona sinensis and daylily are strong and happy"
Web links
further reading
- Wang, Kai-Jin, Chong-Ren Yang, Ying-Jun Zhang: Phenolic antioxidants from Chinese toon (fresh young leaves and shoots of Toona sinensis). In: Food Chemistry , 101.1, 2007, pp. 365-371.