Vietnamese language

Vietnamese
Spoken in	Vietnam , United States , People's Republic of China , Cambodia , Laos , France , Australia , Germany , Czech Republic some other countries
speaker	An estimated 84 million native speakers, 10 million second speakers
Linguistic classification	Austro-Asian languages Mon Khmer languages Việt Mường languages Vietnamese
Official status
Official language in	Vietnam
Language codes
ISO 639 -1	vi
ISO 639 -2	much
ISO 639-3	much

The Vietnamese language (Vietnamese, Annamite tiếng Việt , Hán Nôm 㗂 越 ; tiếng Việt Nam , 㗂 越南 ; or Việt ngữ , 越 語 ) is the official language in Vietnam . It is spoken as their mother tongue by around 84 million people , around 80 million of them in Vietnam (88% of the population) and an estimated up to 4 million Vietnamese abroad.

Although Vietnamese is not related to Chinese , the vast majority (around 70%) of its vocabulary consists of words of Chinese origin; In the basic vocabulary , however, their share is significantly smaller, and grammatical functional words are exclusively of native origin. A distinction must be made between the Sino-Vietnamese and the Vietnamese words. The latter are perceived as indigenous, although they are actually of Chinese origin.

Vietnamese is a tonal and monosyllabic language (the smallest unit of meaning consists of only one syllable ). Due to the decades-long Vietnam War and the subsequent isolation of the country into the 1980s, Vietnamese is one of the linguistically less researched languages.

classification

The genetic classification of the Vietnamese language is controversial, it belongs to the Mon-Khmer languages within the Austro-Asian language family . This goes to the linguists Jean Przyluski and A.-G. Haudricourt , who compared Vietnamese with the Mường language (㗂 ?), which is not a tonal language, but is still demonstrably closely related to Vietnamese.

In a well-received article in 1954, Haudricourt explained the tonogenesis of the Vietnamese language, namely that it was originally not a tonal language and that the six tones only emerged later. Only then could the classification as a Mon-Khmer language prevail, because previously the presence of tones in Vietnamese and their lack in other Mon-Khmer languages ​​had been regarded as an obstacle to a combination.

history

The history of the Vietnamese language has not been clarified beyond doubt. The prevailing opinion today goes back to Henri Maspero . After this there was an Ur-Vietnamese language that was similar to other languages ​​in the Austro-Asian language family in terms of inflection and consonant connections . These properties were later lost; instead, the Vietnamese language has developed similarly to other Southeast Asian languages ​​(such as the Tai-Kadai languages , which were also written with Chinese characters). This is how sounds and the isolating structure of language arose in Vietnamese.

This predecessor language may have been at home in the region around the Red River in what is now North Vietnam and only came to what is now Central Vietnam with the slow expansion of Vietnamese influence southwards, and much later to what is now South Vietnam.

At the same time as this expansion, there was a political dominance of China over Vietnam, which was to last 1000 years. The Chinese made the Chinese language the literary and official language; it thus became the language of the country's ruling class. By the 10th century, a type of Sino-Vietnamese had developed that contained a large number of Chinese vocabulary and was also written with Chinese characters. Numerous words have been adopted into the Vietnamese language, especially from the socio-political and cultural areas.

After the end of Chinese rule over Vietnam, the Vietnamese slang became more important again. This language was also written with Chinese characters, which the Vietnamese scholars gradually adapted to their needs; the result was chữ Nôm (? 喃). This old Vietnamese script reached its heyday in the 16th century; some writers still write important works in chữ Nôm today .

In the 17th century, missionaries from Europe developed a Romanization of the Vietnamese language. At the same time, European languages, especially French , began to influence the Vietnamese language. As a result, the Central Vietnamese language slowly developed. After Vietnam became a French colony in the late 19th century, the French language also became the official and educational language. Many words from French came into the Vietnamese language as loan words, and a significant number of Sino-Vietnamese words took on new meanings inspired by Western thought. The Chinese script remained in use, but the Romanized script continued to spread in the 19th century. In 1910, the French colonial administration officially introduced the Latin script. After Vietnam gained independence in 1945, it became mandatory and enabled large sections of the population to become literate more quickly.

A genetic and linguistic analysis in 2015 revealed a probable origin of the Austro-Asian languages and thus also of Vietnamese in central China , more precisely along the Yangtze River .

Geographical distribution

Official status

Vietnamese is the only official language in Vietnam . In Vietnam it is spoken by the entire population ; the country's ethnic minorities , who make up around 8% of the total population (including Chinese , Thais and Cambodians as well as numerous hill tribes), speak the language either as their mother tongue or as a second language.

In addition, with the emigration of millions of Vietnamese people, the language has spread around the world. Vietnamese is spoken of "overseas Vietnamese" in the USA , Australia , Canada and France . In Germany there are about 100,000 native speakers in France about 200,000, in Poland there are about 5000th

In parts of Cambodia, Laos, and southern China, Vietnamese is one of the dominant languages.

Dialects

There are three main dialects. Speakers of one of the dialects can understand a speaker of another dialect as long as they are able to speak the respective dialect-specific pronunciation and choice of words. However, the dialects do not differ in grammar or syntax . The three main dialects are:

1. North Vietnamese dialect ( Hanoi dialect), formerly Tonkinesisch called
2. Zentralvietnamesischer dialect ( Hue dialect), formerly high Annamesisch called
3. South Vietnamese dialect ( Saigon dialect), formerly also called Cochin Chinese .

The main differences are in the pronunciation of the tones - the northern dialects tend to distinguish the tones more than the southern dialects; this applies particularly to the hỏi (?) tone and the ngã (我) tone.

The majority of Vietnamese songs are played in the North Vietnamese dialect.

The spelling is also based on the dialect of the capital Hanoi, which is in the north.

Phonetics and Phonology

This section describes the pronunciation of Vietnamese in the north of the country or in Hanoi.

Structure of syllables and rhymes in Vietnamese

Consonants

There are 22 consonants - phonemes in Hanoi pronunciation :

		bilateral labial	labio- dental	dental / alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
Plosives	not aspirated	​p​		​t​	​c​	​k​	( ʔ ) ​​
	aspirated			​tʰ​
Implosive		​ɓ​		​ɗ​
Fricatives			​f ​ v​​	​s ​ z​​		​x ​ ɣ​​	​H​
Nasals		​m​		​n​	​ɲ​	​ŋ​
approximated manten	sagittal				​j​	​w​
	lateral			​l​

Remarks

• / p / at the beginning of the word occurs only in younger loanwords (especially from French). In purely Vietnamese words, / p / occurs only at the end of the word.
• The implosive consonants are voiced and are sometimes described as preglottalized: [ˀɓ, ˀɗ]. This glottic closure is sometimes released before the oral closure, so that the pronunciation is not implosive but only voiced: [ˀb, ˀd].
• / tʰ, s, z, l / are sometimes described as dental : [t̪ʰ, s̪, z̪, l̪].
• / t, ɗ, n / are sometimes described as alveolar : [t͇, ɗ͇, n͇].
• / tʰ, l, t, ɗ, n / are sometimes described as apical : [t̺ʰ, l̺, t̺, ɗ̺, n̺].
• / s, z, c, ɲ / are sometimes described as laminal : [s̻, z̻, c̻, ɲ̻].
• / c, ɲ / are sometimes described as palato-alveolar: [ṯ, ṉ].
• / c / is sometimes described as slightly affected: [ṯ ^ʃ ].

Phonological processes

• Words that begin with a vowel or the semi-vowel / w / are preceded by a glottic closure [ʔ].

ăn (?)	"eat"	/ ɐn /	→	[ʔɐn]
uỷ (委)	"delegate"	/ wi /	→	[ʔwij]

• With the plosives / p, t, k / the lock is not audibly released at the end of the word: [p̚, t̚, k̚].

đáp (答)	"reply"	/ ɗɐːp /	→	[ʔɗɐːp̚]
mát (?)	"cool"	/ mɐːt /	→	[mɐːt̚]
khác (恪)	"differently"	/ xɐːk /	→	[xɐːk̚]

• If the velar consonants / k, ŋ / follow / u, w /, they are pronounced simultaneously with a bilabial closure - [k͡p, ŋ͡m] - or at least strongly labialized: [kʷ, ŋʷ].

đục (濁)	"muddy"	/ ɗuk /	→	[ʔɗuk͡p̚]
độc (毒)	"Poison"	/ ɗɜwk /	→	[ʔɗɜwk͡p̚]
ung (癰)	"Cancer"	/U.N/	→	[ʔuŋ͡m]
ong (蜂, 螉)	"Bee"	/ ɐwŋ /	→	[ʔɐwŋ͡m]

Consonants in German and Vietnamese

Vowels

There is considerable disagreement among linguists about the vocal system of Vietnamese. The simple vowels can also be interpreted as diphthongs and there are different views on the characteristics of length and quality.

Simple vowels

	front	central	back
closed	i	ɨ	u
half closed	e	əː	O
half open	ɛ	ɜ	ɔ
almost open		ɐ / ɐː

• / ɜ / and / ɐ / are pronounced shorter than the other vowels.
• The difference between short / ɐ / (in Vietnamese writing: ă ) and long / ɐː / (in Vietnamese writing a ) is meaningful.
• The difference between short / ɜ / (in Vietnamese script: â ) and long / əː / (in Vietnamese script ơ ) has different meanings.
• The vowel / ɨ / (in Vietnamese script ư ) is sometimes described as [ɨ̞̠] or [ɯ].
• The closed and semi-closed (“high”) vowels / i, ɨ, u, e, əː, o / are diphthongized, especially in open syllables: [ɪj, ɨɰ, ʊw, ej, əːɰ, ow].

chị (姊, 姉)	"older sister"	/ ci /	→	[cɪj]		quê (圭)	"Country"	/ kwe /	→	[kwej]
tư (四)	"Fourth"	/ tɨ /	→	[tɨɰ]		mơ (?)	"dream"	/ məː /	→	[məːɰ]
thu (秋)	"Autumn"	/ tʰu /	→	[tʰʊw]		cô (姑)	"Paternal Aunt"	/ ko /	→	[kow]

Diphthongs

All three Vietnamese diphthongs (/ ie, ɯɤ, uo /) are descending, both in the sense that the movement is from a closed vowel [i ɯ u] to a middle vowel [e ɤ o], and in the sense that the focus is on the first element (according to Nguyen Van Ai and Vu Ba Hung (1975) "Comparative Studies of German and Vietnamese Vowels". In: ZPSK 28, p. 377.)

Your pronunciation:

/ ie /: like ie in beer.

/ ɯɤ /: no pronunciation comparable to that in German. First / ɯ / <ư> is pronounced, then quick transition to / ɤ / <ơ>.

/ uo /: something like only in German. First, round the lips to pronounce / u / <u>, then quickly move on to / o / <ô>.

The following table shows the spelling of Vietnamese diphthongs:

Lute	Note the syllables		Graphemes	Examples
/ ie /	open	Glide / ∅ /	<ia>	bia [bie 1 ] (German beer)
		Glide / w /	<ya>	khuya [χwie 1 ] ( Eng . midnight)
	overall locksmith sen	covered, without / w /	<iê>	biến [bien 5 ] ( Eng . to disappear)
		naked, without / w /	<yê>	yên [ien 1 ] (dt. calm)
		covered, with / w /		khuyên [χwien 1 ] (German to advise)
/ ɯɤ /	open		<ưa>	mưa [mɯɤ 1 ] (German rain)
	closed		<ươ>	mương [mɯɤŋ 1 ] (dt. moat)
/ uo /	open		among others	múa [muo 5 ] (German dance)
	closed		uô	muối [muoj 5 ] (German salt)

In South Vietnamese these three diphthongs / ie ɯɤ uo / before the finals / jwmp / are systematically realized exactly like their corresponding long closed monophthongs [i ɯ u], e.g. B. nghiêm [ŋiem ¹ ] (dt. Serious ) -> [ŋim ¹ ] ; cướp [kɯɤp ⁵ ] ( Eng . to rob) -> [kɯp ⁵ ] and suối [şuoj ⁵ ] ( Eng . brook) -> [şuj ⁵ ].

Sound system

Tone duration and course of the 6 North Vietnamese tones
spoken by a male speaker (not from Hanoi), basic frequency over time. from Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998)

The 6 tones of the Vietnamese language

The height and the course of the pitch when pronouncing a syllable are meaningful. This means that a wrong pronunciation of the tone has a distorting effect. Without the sounds, the Vietnamese language would have an extremely high number of homonyms . The sounds of Vietnamese differ in pitch and course, length and glottalization. In the Vietnamese script, the tones are identified by diacritical marks .

As Haudricourt (1954) recognized, Vietnamese in an older form had no tones. The six tones were probably created during the first millennium under the influence of Chinese as a contact language, depending on whether the syllable was originally voiced or voiced, and whether the syllable originally ended in vowel, -h or -ʔ (glottal stop).

designation	Brief description	Numbers after  Yuen Ren Chao	Vietname- forensic signature	example	Explanation	Reconstructed origin of the sound
ngang (昂) or không (空)	high (or medium) and level	33	without ◌	three:   ba (?)	The normal tone is pronounced medium high, with the voice neither rising nor falling.	Initial sound originally voiceless, final vowel sound
sắc (嗇)	high (or medium) rising	35	Acute ◌́	Governor:   bá (霸)	The rising tone starts high and climbs briefly . The syllables in the ascending tone are usually spoken with a little more emphasis.	Initial sound originally voiceless, final sound on -ʔ
huyền (懸)	deep and falling	21st	Gravis ◌̀	Lady:   bà (婆, 妑)	The falling tone starts low and then sinks a bit from there . It is usually pronounced a little less strongly than other syllables, but a little longer.	Initially voiced, final vowel
nặng (?)	deep, sloping and creaky	32 or 31	Sub- item ◌̣	Life:   mệnh (命)	The deep broken tone is pronounced low and falling , the syllable has a crackling sound and is often spoken with a little emphasis.	Initially voiced, final on -ʔ
hỏi (?)	(low) falling and rising	313	Hook ◌̉	History:   sử (史)	The falling-rising tone is spoken with a little more emphasis. The pitch first decreases and then increases.	Initial volume originally voiceless final volume on -h
ngã (我)	interrupted and rising	35	Tilde ◌̃	Remainder:   bã (?)	The interrupted rising tone rises and the syllable also has a crackling sound .	Originally voiced, final on -h

grammar

Vietnamese is an isolating language . The words are not inflected , the relationship of a word in a sentence to other words becomes clear only through their position in the sentence. Therefore, the sentence construction subject - predicate - object is generally adhered to. Exceptions, such as bringing the object to the beginning of the sentence for emphasis, are possible.

Since there are no grammatical tenses , the tense is only visible from the context; That is, it emerges from the context or is determined in more detail by other words (e.g. adverbs ).

The occurrence of unit words in the Vietnamese language is significant . As in other Asian languages, it is not possible to connect the numerals and nouns directly, but rather a unit word must be placed in between. These differ according to whether the noun is animate or not, with inanimate nouns properties such as the form are decisive.

Similar to Romance languages , the attribute always comes after the word that describes it in more detail, such as tiếng Việt (" Sprach -Viet" = Vietnamese language, so it can be found in the Wikipedia language bar under T).

vocabulary

Vietnamese is a language in which each word originally consisted of just a single syllable . To this day, the basic vocabulary and all grammatically significant words are monosyllabic. However, throughout history, numerous two-syllable words have entered the language vocabulary. In the case of words with multiple syllables, however, the individual syllables are not written together.

Polysyllabic words were created by combining new forms from existing words, such as bàn ghế (槃 椅) ("table chair", meaning: "table group") or nước mắt (渃 眜) ("water eye", meaning : "Tear").

Furthermore, polysyllabic loanwords from Chinese have been incorporated into the Vietnamese language. If they have two syllables, they can be easily recognized by the fact that what is descriptive does not come after what is described, but in front of it. The pronunciation is not similar to standard Chinese , but rather southern Chinese dialects (such as Teochew (Min dialect), Cantonese ). Examples are đại học (大學, high Chinese dàxué , Cantonese daai6 hok6 , Teochew dai6 hag8 , IPA : tai hak ; literally "great teaching", a chapter of the book of rites ; modern meaning: "university") or ngữ pháp (語法, Standard Chinese yǔfǎ , Cantonese jyu5 faat3 , Teochew ghe2 huab4 , IPA : gə huap ; literally "language-law", i.e. "grammar"). There are a large number of synonym pairs , with one word composed of Vietnamese components, while there is a word of Chinese origin with the same meaning. Most of the time, both versions are borrowed from Chinese, with the version perceived as native having undergone a process sometimes referred to as Vietnamization. Obvious examples are năm and niên for year, both of which come from Chinese 年.

Words with more recent meanings are usually created through paraphrase. This includes, for example, máy thu thanh (? 收 聲) (“machine – collect sound”, “radio”).

Due to the decades of French colonial rule, there are a number of French words in Vietnamese that mainly reflect technical expressions or describe things of everyday life that were introduced into the country by the French. These include ga (from gare , “station”), xi-măng (from ciment , “cement”), bia (啤) (from bière , “beer”), pho mat (from fromage , “cheese”) or bánh (餅) (from pain , “bread”, 餅 bánh, biscuit, borrowed from Chinese, is however identical).

font

• Main article: Vietnamese script

The Vietnamese language was written in three writing systems:

1. chữ Hán (? 漢), Chinese characters
2. chữ Nôm (? 喃), a script based on Chinese characters
3. Quốc ngữ (國語), a Latin script with diacritical marks, the current writing system in Vietnam

history

Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum owned by the Bavarian State Library.

The Vietnamese language, like the Korean or Japanese languages , was heavily influenced by the Chinese language . During the millennial Chinese rule (111 BC to 938), Chinese was the official and educational language . The Chinese brought their literature, philosophy and history to Vietnam with their language. This led to the adoption of numerous Chinese words in the Vietnamese language, because a profound knowledge of the Chinese language and script was essential , especially for the Confucian official exams.

Probably at the time when the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation was established, i.e. from the 11th century at the earliest, but certainly from the 13th century, Vietnamese scholars began to change the Chinese script.

This began with the standardization of the spelling of Vietnamese words, such as proper names. Later, special characters were introduced to better express words that were common in Vietnamese. A separate Vietnamese script was created, the Chữ Nôm . Since the characters were not determined according to the origin of the word, as this was unknown to the various authors who developed Chữ Nôm, the writing ultimately became illegible for the Chinese. The oldest inscriptions of these Chữ-Nôm signs can be found on bells in temples and in stone inscriptions. Kim Vân Kiều (金 雲 翹) is the most important literary work written in Chữ Nôm. This epic by the writer Nguyễn Du (阮 攸) is still one of the classics of Vietnamese literature and is standard reading material in Vietnamese schools.

From the 16th century the missionary work of Catholic priests from Europe (especially Portugal , Italy , Spain and France ) began. They needed a transcription of the Vietnamese pronunciation into Latin letters in order to learn the language of those they wanted to convince of Christianity. At the same time, they hoped that learning the Latin alphabet would make learning the respective European language easier. The script they developed is called Chữ Quốc Ngữ (script of the national language). The pioneers in developing this font were Christofora Borri , Francisco de Pina and Francisco de Buzomi . The missionaries Gaspar d'Amaral , Antoine de Barbosa and Alexandre de Rhodes subsequently created dictionaries of the Vietnamese language independently of one another. In 1651 the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitinum et Latinum was released for printing by Alexandre de Rhodes in Rome.

Chữ quốc ngữ (? 國語) developed through several modernizations and standardizations of spellings to a Latin script with two additional letters for vowels that do not exist in Western languages. In addition, the six tones are represented by diacritics . Chữ quốc ngữ has been the official state and traffic script of Vietnam since 1945.

It is a phonetic script , which means that the pronunciation can be derived very precisely from the spelling.

Consonants

consonant	pronunciation
b	similar to the b in B ett. Non-plosive at the end of the syllable
c	not aspirated, non-plosive at the end of the syllable, like g in g ut
ch	at the beginning of the syllable like [tɕ] similar to tj a
d	in the north [z] like voiced s , northern center [ɟ], thus softened d like slovenian dj , serbo-Croatian lat. đ / kyrill. ђ , Polish dź, in the southern center and in the south [j] as in German J unge
đ	similar to the d in d u
G	similar to the German r in r eden
gi	[z], voiced s as in s o
H	similar to the h in h olen
kh	Oh-volume [⁠ x ⁠] , similar in la ch s
l	similar to the l in l aufen
m	similar to the m in w it
n	similar to n in n layer
ng	rear nasal [ŋ] as ng in Si ng s
nh	palatal nasal sound [ɲ] like Portuguese Espa nh a, Spanish Espa ñ a, French Espa gn e
p	not aspirated, non-plosive at the end of the syllable
ph	like the German f in F isch
r	in the North [ʒ] similar to Blama g e or voiced [z] as s in S uppe, similarly as in the south r in R ice (rolling)
s	in the north voiceless [s] like s in Bi ss , in the south less rounded than the German sch , similar to the English sh in sh ow
t	not aspirated, non-plosive at the end of the syllable
th	[ť], aspirated t
tr	as in Ku tsch e
v	[v] like the German pronunciation of the w or the v in V ase
x	voiceless [s] as in s ix (English six)

Vowels

vocal	IPA	description
a	[aː]	Long a more open than in V a ter
ă	[a]	short counterpart to a
â	[ə]	dull e , similar to the unstressed e in g e lungen
e	[ɛ]	half-open e , similar W e tter or the like in h ä tte
ê	[e]	semi-closed e as in B ee t
i, y	[i]	similar to the i in Mie te
O	[ɔ]	similar to the o in t o nne
O	[O]	similar to the o in T o n
O	[əː]	long counterpart to â , similar to ur in English for ur ( British pronunciation )
u	[u]	similar to u in t u n
ư	[ɨ]	dull i , unknown in German, very similar to Turkish ı and Russian ы

Sounds

The tones are denoted by diacritics (see above). Since there are vowels that naturally have a diacritical mark, vowels with two diacritics are not uncommon.

Not every syllable exists in every pitch; some syllables only make sense in one or two of the six possible tones.

Vietnamese in HTML and Unicode

Thanh không			Thanh sắc			Thanh huyền			Thanh hỏi			Thanh ngã			Thanh nặng
A.	U + 0041	A.	Á	U + 00C1	& Aacute;	À	U + 00C0	& Agrave;	Ả	U + 1EA2	& # 7842;	Ã	U + 00C3	& Atilde;	Ạ	U + 1EA0	& # 7840;
a	U + 0061	a	á	U + 00E1	& aacute;	à	U + 00E0	& agrave;	ả	U + 1EA3	& # 7843;	ã	U + 00E3	& atilde;	ạ	U + 1EA1	& # 7841;
Ă	U + 0102	& # 258;	Ắ	U + 1EAE	& # 7854;	Ằ	U + 1EB0	& # 7856;	Ẳ	U + 1EB2	& # 7858;	Ẵ	U + 1EB4	& # 7860;	Ặ	U + 1EB6	& # 7862;
ă	U + 0103	& # 259;	ắ	U + 1EAF	& # 7855;	ằ	U + 1EB1	& # 7857;	ẳ	U + 1EB3	& # 7859;	ẵ	U + 1EB5	& # 7861;	ặ	U + 1EB7	& # 7863;
Â	U + 00C2	& Acirc;	Ấ	U + 1EA4	& # 7844;	Ầ	U + 1EA6	& # 7846;	Ẩ	U + 1EA8	& # 7848;	Ẫ	U + 1EAA	& # 7850;	Ậ	U + 1EAC	& # 7852;
â	U + 00E2	& acirc;	ấ	U + 1EA5	& # 7845;	ầ	U + 1EA7	& # 7847;	ẩ	U + 1EA9	& # 7849;	ẫ	U + 1EAB	& # 7851;	ậ	U + 1EAD	& # 7853;
E.	U + 0045	E.	É	U + 00C9	& Eacute;	È	U + 00C8	& Egrave;	Ẻ	U + 1EBA	& # 7866;	Ẽ	U + 1EBC	& # 7868;	Ẹ	U + 1EB8	& # 7864;
e	U + 0065	e	é	U + 00E9	& eacute;	è	U + 00E8	& egrave;	ẻ	U + 1EBB	& # 7867;	ẽ	U + 1EBD	& # 7869;	ẹ	U + 1EB9	& # 7865;
Ê	U + 00CA	& Ecirc;	Ḗ	U + 1EBE	& # 7870;	Ḕ	U + 1EC0	& # 7872;	Ể	U + 1EC2	& # 7874;	Ễ	U + 1EC4	& # 7876;	Ệ	U + 1EC6	& # 7878;
ê	U + 00EA	& ecirc;	ế	U + 1EBF	& # 7871;	ề	U + 1EC1	& # 7873;	ể	U + 1EC3	& # 7875;	ễ	U + 1EC5	& # 7877;	ệ	U + 1EC7	& # 7879;
I.	U + 0049	I.	Í	U + 00CD	& Iacute;	Ì	U + 00CC	& Igrave;	Ỉ	U + 1EC8	& # 7880;	Ĩ	U + 0128	& # 296;	Ị	U + 1ECA	& # 7882;
i	U + 0069	i	í	U + 00ED	& iacute;	ì	U + 00EC	& igrave;	ỉ	U + 1EC9	& # 7881;	ĩ	U + 0129	& # 297;	ị	U + 1ECB	& # 7883;
O	U + 004F	O	O	U + 00D3	& Oacute;	O	U + 00D2	& Ograve;	O	U + 1ECE	& # 7886;	O	U + 00D5	& Otilde;	O	U + 1ECC	& # 7884;
O	U + 006F	O	O	U + 00F3	& oacute;	O	U + 00F2	& ograve;	O	U + 1ECF	& # 7887;	O	U + 00F5	& otilde;	O	U + 1ECD	& # 7885;
O	U + 00D4	& Ocirc;	O	U + 1ED0	& # 7888;	O	U + 1ED2	& # 7890;	O	U + 1ED4	& # 7892;	O	U + 1ED6	& # 7894;	O	U + 1ED8	& # 7896;
O	U + 00F4	& ocirc;	O	U + 1ED1	& # 7889;	O	U + 1ED3	& # 7891;	O	U + 1ED5	& # 7893;	O	U + 1ED7	& # 7895;	O	U + 1ED9	& # 7897;
O	U + 01A0	& # 416;	O	U + 1EDA	& # 7898;	O	U + 1EDC	& # 7900;	O	U + 1EDE	& # 7902;	O	U + 1EE0	& # 7904;	O	U + 1EE2	& # 7906;
O	U + 01A1	& # 417;	O	U + 1EDB	& # 7899;	O	U + 1EDD	& # 7901;	O	U + 1EDF	& # 7903;	O	U + 1EE1	& # 7905;	O	U + 1EE3	& # 7907;
U	U + 0055	U	Ú	U + 00DA	& Uacute;	Ù	U + 00D9	& Ugrave;	Ủ	U + 1EE6	& # 7910;	Ũ	U + 0168	& # 360;	Ụ	U + 1EE4	& # 7908;
u	U + 0075	u	ú	U + 00FA	& uacute;	ù	U + 00F9	& ugrave;	ủ	U + 1EE7	& # 7911;	ũ	U + 0169	& # 361;	ụ	U + 1EE5	& # 7909;
Ư	U + 01AF	& # 431;	Ứ	U + 1EE8	& # 7912;	Ừ	U + 1EEA	& # 7914;	Ử	U + 1EED	& # 7916;	Ữ	U + 1EEF	& # 7918;	Ự	U + 1EF1	& # 7920;
ư	U + 01B0	& # 432;	ứ	U + 1EE9	& # 7913;	ừ	U + 1EEB	& # 7915;	ử	U + 1EED	& # 7917;	ữ	U + 1EEF	& # 7919;	ự	U + 1EF1	& # 7921;
Y	U + 0059	Y	Ý	U + 00DD	& Yacute;	Ỳ	U + 1EF2	& # 7922;	Ỷ	U + 1EF6	& # 7926;	Ỹ	U + 1EF8	& # 7928;	Ỵ	U + 1EF4	& # 7924;
y	U + 0079	y	ý	U + 00FD	& yacute;	ỳ	U + 1EF3	& # 7923;	ỷ	U + 1EF7	& # 7927;	ỹ	U + 1EF9	& # 7929;	ỵ	U + 1EF5	& # 7925;
Đ	U + 0110	& # 272;
đ	U + 0111	& # 273;

Example (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights )

Vietnamese	Hán Nôm	IPA (Hanoi)	German
Tất cả mọi người sinh ra đều được tự do và bình đẳng về nhân phẩm và quyền. Mọi con người đều được tạo hoá ban cho lý trí và lương tâm và cần phải đối xử với nhau trong tình bằng hữu.	? 哿 每 ? 生 ? 調 得 自由 吧 平等 ? 人品 吧 權。 每 ? ? 調 得 造化 班 朱 理智 理智 吧 良心 吧 懃 沛 對 處 ? ? ? 情 朋友。	tɜt̚ kɐː mɔj ŋɨɜj siŋ za ɗew ɗɨɜk̚ tɨɰ zɔ vɐː ɓiŋ ɗɐŋ vej ɲɜn fɜm vɐː kɨɜn. mɔj kɔn ŋɨɜj ɗeu ɗɨɜk̚ tɐːw huɜ ɓɐːn cɔ li ci vɐː lɨɜŋ tɜm vɐː kɜn fɐːj ɗoj sɨ vɜj ɲɐw cɔŋ tiŋ ɓɐŋ hɨw.	All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should meet one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

literature

1. ↑ http://zpravy.idnes.cz/vietnamci-oficialni-narodnostni-mensinou-fiq-/domaci.aspx?c=A130703_133019_domaci_jj
2. ^ Haudricourt, A.-G .: "De l'origine des tons en vietnamien". In: Journal Asiatique, 1954 (242), pp. 69-82. (The essay in which Haudricourt proves the development of tones in the Vietnamese language.) A more recent essay on the question: Thurgood, G .: “Vietnamese and tonogenesis. Revising the model and the analysis ". In: Diachronica 19, 2002, pp. 333-363.
3. ↑ Xiaoming Zhang, Shiyu Liao, Xuebin Qi, Jiewei Liu, Jatupol Kampuansai: Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent OPEN . In: Scientific Reports . tape 5 , October 20, 2015, p. 1-8 , doi : 10.1038 / srep15486 ( researchgate.net [accessed July 22, 2018]).
4. ^ Heinrich P. Kelz : Vietnamese . In: Ursula Hirschfeld u. a. (Ed.): Phonetics International: From Afrikaans to Zulu; contrastive studies for German as a foreign language . No. 11, 2004.
5. ^ Ngô Thị Bích Thu and Martin Großheim: Modern Vietnamese . Part 1. 2014. Regiospectra, Berlin.

• Ngô Thị Bích Thu and Martin Großheim: The grasshopper kicks the elephant or David against Goliath: Vietnamese-German proverbs and sayings in comparison . Paperback, September 9, 2011. regiospectra Verlag Berlin, ISBN 978-3-940132-34-5
• Ngô Thị Bích Thu and Martin Großheim: Modern Vietnamese 1 | Tiếng Việt hiện đại 1. Language course also for self-study. regiospectra Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-940132-67-3 .
• Nguyễn, Văn Lợi; & Edmondson, Jerold A. (1998). Tones and voice quality in modern northern Vietnamese: Instrumental case studies. Mon – Khmer Studies , 28 , 1-18. (Online version: www.sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNVnLoi.htm ).
• Đinh-Hoà Nguyễn: "Vietnamese". In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The languages ​​of East and Southeast Asia . London 1990, p. 49ff. ISBN 0-415-04739-0 . (Very useful overview of the origins and characteristics of the Vietnamese language.)
• Haudricourt, A.-G .: "La place du vietnamien dans les langues austroasiatiques". In: Bulletin de la Societé Linguistique de Paris , 1953 (49), pp. 122-128. (The essay that led to the current classification of the Vietnamese language.)
• Thompson, Laurence E .: A Vietnamese reference grammar . Seattle, Honolulu, 1991 (1965) ISBN 0-8248-1117-8 . (Standard grammar)
• Winfried Boscher, Pham trung Liên: Vietnamese-German Dictionary . Leipzig, 1989. ISBN 3-324-00377-6

Web links

• Ethnologue (English)
• Online Dictionary: Vietnamese - English - French (English)
• Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation with nôm-lookup tool (en)
• Hán Việt Từ Điển Trích Dẫn
• Tự điển Hán Việt dictionary of signs (zh-vi)
• Etymology dictionary for non-standard Sinovietnamese
• Online dictionary: German-Vietnamese (German)
• VietReader