Toona
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| ( Endl. ) M.Roem. |
Toona are a genus of plants in the mahogany family(Meliaceae). The four or five species are distributed from Afghanistan and eastern Pakistan to India and China to Southeast Asia, Malesia , New Britain and eastern Australia .
description
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Vegetative characteristics
Toona species grow as trees and reach heights of up to 50 meters.
The alternate and spirally arranged leaves on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The pinnate leaf blade is up to 120 centimeters long. The rhachis leaves are often reddish and hairless or glabrous. The leaflets are at a length of up to 22 centimeters and a width of up to 5.6 centimeters narrow-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate with asymmetric Spreitenbasis and sharpened upper end. The leaf margin is serrated or rarely smooth.
Generative characteristics
The Toona species are single sexed ( monoecious ). At the end of the twigs, i.e. terminal, a hanging, 30 to 100 centimeters long, paniculate inflorescence is formed. The inflorescence axis is soft or shaggy with short pressed or spread out, simple trichomes hairy or balding.
The unisexual flowers are five-fold with a double bloom and are relatively small. The five free sepals are bare on the outside and ciliate on the edge; they form a cup-shaped calyx. The five free, white or pale pink colored petals are bare outside and not ciliate on the edge. The bald androgynophore usually contains up to five staminodes . The bare stamens are 1.3 to 1.8 millimeters long in male flowers and 1 to 1.5 millimeters long in female flowers. The orange-colored, bald disc has a diameter of 1 to 1.5 millimeters, is lobed and the stamens arise directly from the disc lobe. Five carpels are at a bare ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains up to six ovules .
The capsule fruits contain several seeds. The seeds on one end are winged.
use
Toona sinensis is the most cold tolerant species in the family. It occurs in China up to 40 ° N in the Beijing area, where the slender branches, " xiangchun " ( Chinese 香椿 , pinyin xiāngchūn ) are used as vegetables and for the preparation of medicine.
Wood
Toona species have wood with characteristic properties; the first samples were thought to be a coniferous species . Toona ciliata is an important supplier of wood. Their hardwood is used for the production of furniture, wood paneling, in shipbuilding and in musical instrument making. Sitar , rudra vina , sarangi and various drums are traditionally made from their wood. Due to the import restrictions for other types of mahogany, the wood of Toona ciliata also gained great importance in the construction of electric guitars .
Site conditions
Toona species thrive in forests of varying development from primary, secondary to disturbed forest. They occur from 0 to 2900 meters ( Toona sinensis only occurs up to 2000 meters in China and Malesia). Toona calcicola occurs in northeastern Thailand only over limestone (hence the specific epithet).
Systematics and distribution
The rank of a genus Toona ( Endl. ) M.Roem. received it from Max Joseph Roemer in 1846 in Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae , 1, page 131, 139.
Previously, these species were classified under the genus Cedrela , but this genus is restricted to the Neotropical species.
The four or five Toona species are distributed from Afghanistan and eastern Pakistan to India and China to Southeast Asia, Malesia , New Britain and eastern Australia . Toona ciliata is an invasive plant species in some countries such as Malawi .
There are four or five species in the genus Toona :
- Kalantas, Filipino Mahogany, Filipino Cedar ( Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe ): It occurs in the Philippines.
- Toona calcicola Rueangr. et al. : It was first described in 2015 and only thrives on limestone in northeastern Thailand.
- Indian mahogany , Australian red cedar ( Toona ciliata M.Roem. , Syn .: Toona australis ): It occurs in Asia and Australia and is a neophyte in Africa, South America and Hawaii.
- Chinese sura tree, Chinese vegetable tree, Chinese mahogany, Chinese toon ( Toona sinensis (A.Juss.) M.Roem. ): It occurs in Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and in China .
- Indonesian mahogany , suras ( Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. , Syn .: Toona febrifuga ): It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, China and Papua New Guinea.
Common names
As an English-speaking common name , redcedar is known (also: toon, tun)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Heads: Biogeography and ecology in a pantropical family, the Meliaceae. In: Gardens' Bulletin Singapore , Volume 71, Suppl. 2, September 2019, pp. 335-461. doi : 10.26492 / gbs71 (suppl. 2). 2019-22 full text PDF. Toona on p. 370.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Hua Peng, Jennifer M. Edmonds: In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 : Toona , pp. 112-114 - online with the same text as the printed work.
- ^ A b Keith Rushforth: Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins, 1999, ISBN 0-00-220013-9 .
- ↑ Fukarek, Danert, Hanelt & al .: Urania plant kingdom. Volume 2, 1994, pp. 367-368.
- ↑ CITES .
- ^ ASEAN Tropical Plant Database: Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe . National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
- ^ A b c d Toona in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
- ^ Toona ciliata Roem. . India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
- ↑ USDA data sheet "Toona" - Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. December 11, 2015.
literature
- Franz Fukarek, Siegfried Danert, Peter Hanelt et al .: Urania plant kingdom. In 4 volumes, Volume 2, pp. 367-368. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig Jena Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-332-00497-2 .
