Hedge calf neck

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Hedge calf neck
Hedge calf neck (Chaerophyllum temulum), illustration

Hedge calf neck ( Chaerophyllum temulum ), illustration

Systematics
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily : Apioideae
Tribe : Scandiceae
Sub tribus : Scandicinae
Genre : Calf heads ( Chaerophyllum )
Type : Hedge calf neck
Scientific name
Chaerophyllum temulum
L.

The hedge calf goiter ( Chaerophyllum temulum ), also called tumbler calf goiter , tumbler chervil or stunning calf head , is a species of calf goiter ( Chaerophyllum ) within the umbellifer family (Apiaceae).

description

Double-gold inflorescence with many white flowers
Stems of the hedge calf's head. The “calf's head” and the reddish spots are clearly visible.
Hedge calf's head ( Chaerophyllum temulum )

Vegetative characteristics

The hedge calf's head grows as a biennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of up to 1.40 meters. A beet serves as a storage organ . Several branched stems are formed per plant . They are round but slightly angular and covered with bristles that cause painful skin contact when touched. Towards the base, the stems stand out with dark red spots and club-like thickenings on the branches, which have given this genus of plants the common name of calf's head. The leaves of the tumbling calf's goiter are wire-haired and bipinnate. The smell of the hedge calf's head is slightly spicy, reminiscent of carrots and caraway seeds.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are grouped in a five- to eleven-rayed, slightly domed double- gold inflorescence . A shell is usually missing. If present, it is composed of one or two bracts. The five to nine husk leaves are ciliate on the edge. They have a broad-lanceolate shape. They are pointed towards the top and slightly fused towards the base. The little bulbs contain about seven to 14 flowers. The pure white flowers are about 2 to 4 millimeters wide. They have five petals , of which those on the edge show a slight extension. They can be edged or cut up to halfway. You are not eyelashed. The stylus branches of the two styluses are spreading. Their length corresponds to that of the stylus pad. The double ovary is subordinate. The fruit is a 4 to 6 millimeter long, dark brown double ache that has 10 flat, weakly defined, light brown grooves.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14 or 24.

ecology

The flowering period is May to July. From an ecological point of view, it concerns male "nectar-bearing disc flowers" with male and hermaphrodite flowers (andromonözisch). They are pollinated by insects .

The fruits remain on the plant in winter (hibernation). The partial fruits are thrown away when the ripe, dry stems are hit (animal shaker); presumably they are also spread by the wind. The fruits ripen from July to September.

Occurrence and endangerment

The distribution areas of the hedge calf's goiter are in most of Europe except in the northernmost and southernmost regions, further in the north-west African states of Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia , in northern Turkey and the northern Caucasus region .

The Austrian occurrences are frequent to rare; in East Tyrol the hedge calf's crop has become extinct; the Carinthian deposits are unstable. It is endangered in the Alpine region of Austria and the northern and southeastern Alpine foothills .

In Switzerland it inhabits the Kollin-montane altitude range, especially in the Jura. No occurrences have been confirmed from the Engadine .

In Germany it is common in all federal states, common in North and West North Rhine-Westphalia and rarely in the Black Forest and the Ore Mountains . With inconsistent occurrences, it rarely occurs in southern Bavaria .

The hedge calf head grows on the edges of forests and in meadows . It prefers to grow in nitrogen-rich , moist corridors, but can also spread in drier terrain. The plant is plentiful, but has nevertheless declined sharply in some areas. In the plant-sociological system, the hedge calf's crop is a characteristic of the garlic hederich-Saumgesellschaft (Alliario petiolati-Chaerophylletum temuli).

Systematics

Chaerophyllum temulum was first described by Carl Linné in 1753 in Species Plantarum , Volume 1, Page 258 . A synonym for Chaerophyllum temulum is Chaerophyllum temulentum L. .

toxicology

Animals that eat the calf's head suffer paralysis - they stagger . The poisonous effect is probably due to the content of the polyine falcarinol . Assumptions in the older literature about a not yet isolated alkaloid ( chaerophyllin ) could not be confirmed. For humans, the tumbling calf's crop is only slightly toxic due to its low toxin content. Earlier reports of severe to fatal poisoning are probably due to confusion with the spotted hemlock ( Conium maculatum ).

There are other types of calves, such as the hairy calves , the bulbous calves or the gold calves . However, these are not poisonous.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the hedge calf head : Alfbunkel, Taumelkerbel ( Silesia ), Todtenkerbel ( Thuringia ), Tollkörbel and Tollkürbel.

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literature

  • Siegmund Seybold : Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. A book for identifying vascular plants that grow wild and often cultivated . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 93rd completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2006, ISBN 3-494-01413-2 .
  • Dietmar Aichele: What is blooming there? The photo book , 5th edition, Kosmos, Stuttgart, 2004, 446 pp., ISBN 3-440-10281-5
  • Eberhard Teuscher, Ulrike Lindequist: Biogene Gifte , Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-437-30747-9
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Chaerophyllum temulum L., anesthetic calf head. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Hedge calf neck . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  3. ↑ a b Entry Chaerophyllum temulum at FloraWeb
  4. ↑ a b c Entry Chaerophyllum temulum at Flora Emslandia - Plants in Emsland
  5. ↑ a b Eckehart J. Jäger: Rothmaler - excursion flora from Germany. Vascular plants: baseline. 21st edition, Springer, 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-49707-4 , p. 738
  6. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  700-701 .
  7. ↑ a b Chaerophyllum temulum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  8. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 838 .
  9. ↑ Entry Chaerophyllum temulum at InfoFlora- The national data and information center for the Swiss flora
  10. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . 1st edition. 1st volume. Stockholm 1753, p. 258 ( online - Chaerophyllum with Chaerophyllum temulum scanned at Biodiversity Heritage Library ).
  11. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 89. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Chaerophyllum temulum  - album with pictures, videos and audio files