Common nugget
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Nitrous nut ( Strychnos nux-vomica ), illustration |
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| Strychnos nux-vomica | ||||||||||||
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The Ordinary Brechnuss ( Strychnos nux vomica L. , and Strychnos colubrina Wight , Strychnos lucida R.Br. , Strychnos spireana Dop , Strychnos vomica St. lag. ), Also briefly Brechnuss or crow's eye tree , Strychninbaum or crushing walnut called, is a tree species from the family of the nugget family (Loganiaceae), which is native to Southeast Asia .
Plant description
tree
The common nugget grows as an evergreen deciduous tree that usually reaches heights of 25 m. It has a black-gray to yellowish-gray bark that becomes fine black with age . The brownish branches are repeated gabelteilig and contribute leathery and stalked, alternate, obseits smooth shiny, dark green above, pale green leaves . The leaves are about 5–18 × 4–12.5 cm in size, elliptical to ovate or obovate, the leaf margins are whole, the tip is rounded or pointed to pointed. The blade is fine-haired underneath, the veins are three to five-fold and whitish to light green. There are no stipules.
The inflorescences are thyrsenic . The greenish-white to white, hermaphroditic flowers are about 1.3 cm long, five-fold and salver-plate-shaped, with spreading corolla lobes . The fine-haired, short, green calyx has five egg-shaped, pointed lobes. The ovary is on top with a long protruding style with a bilobed stigma. The just protruding stamens are attached to the corolla tube with short filaments. As a fruit , the refractory walnut tree initially bears green, when ripe orange-red, 3–6 cm large, smooth, rounded berries with a thin, easily fragile, hard, dry skin, whose whitish, bitter-tasting, but edible and gelatinous, sticky pulp usually (1st ) Contains 2 to 4 (6) button-like, almost flat, short silky-haired seeds .
Seeds
The Brechnuss seeds ( Semen Strychni , also Nux , Nux Metella , Semen Nucis vomica , Semen Strichni ) is also crows eye or Brechnuss called. The very poisonous seeds are around 1.5–3 cm in size and 4–6 mm thick, and weigh around 1.2–2.4 g. The gray-greenish-brownish shell of the seed is extremely hard and is under great tension. When the weather changes , especially when it gets damp, the nugget seeds burst explosively on the long sides and then germinate. The crow's eyes are odorless, but have a very bitter and pungent, nauseating taste .
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24 or 44.
Occurrence
The common refractory nut prefers clayey as well as clayey-sandy soils and rises in the hill country to heights of 1200 m. The tree is widespread from India to Northern Australia . The tree can also be seen in the Philippines , Java , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , Pakistan , China , Burma , Thailand , Laos , Cambodia , South Vietnam , as well as in tropical West Africa along watercourses and on the edge of dry forests . The common nugget is particularly widespread in Northern Australia , Sri Lanka and tropical India.
Linguistic
The name of the nuke seed as a crow's eye (Middle High German also kraejenäuglīn / kraejenöugelin "Krähenäuglein") is due to its eye-like appearance. A misleading name, however, is the name nugget. With the transfer from Latin, the name Nux vomica ( nux = nut ; vomere means to break) was introduced by the nugget . However, the nugget seed rarely causes vomiting and the berry fruit is not a nut fruit either .
Important ingredients and their effects
Bark , wood, roots, leaves and seeds contain the highly toxic alkaloid strychnine . The dried seed is the essential medicinal drug that is obtained from the nugue nut tree. The nuke seeds contain, among other things , the nerve toxins strychnine and brucine, which are bound to chlorogenic acid , as well as colubrin and the less important vomicin . The poisonous ingredients of the nuke seed extract cause a paralysis of the central nervous system . In tiny traces, a psychotropic effect such as B. Imprint heightened perception of the senses . Already about 0.2 g of the nuke seed extract can lead to diaphragmatic cramps, muscle twitching and death from respiratory paralysis . However, the poisoning depends on the quality of the drug (for example, the nuke seeds from Sri Lanka have the highest alkaloid content with five percent) and the fill level of the stomach .
Specialty
The hornbill feeds, among other things, on the extremely poisonous nugget seeds. The crow's eye is also non-toxic for snails . It was also observed that other birds (e.g. chickens ) also have a high resistance to the poisonous effects of the seeds.
use
Historical
The seeds have been used as a medicine for over 1000 years. It was mentioned in Arabic medicine as early as the 11th century . The nugget came to Europe from Southeast Asia in the 15th century . The seeds were used against the plague in the Middle Ages . In the 17th century the crow's eye was used to stun fish and poison animals ( foxes , wild cats , dogs , crows , ravens , rats and mice ). Indian or Chinese herbalists administered the active ingredients for loss of appetite , muscle weakness or paralysis , for pain relief , against fever , to promote blood circulation , against menstrual problems as well as against cholera and rabies .
In the medicine
In the past, the drug was prescribed for states of weakness , as well as for cardiovascular complaints and as an appetite-stimulating agent. Due to the narrow therapeutic range and the side effects (accumulation of strychnine in the body ), especially in the case of liver damage , such drugs have almost completely disappeared. However, the seeds are still the raw material for obtaining strychnine.
In homeopathy
The homeopathic remedy Nux vomica (short form: Nux-v ) was one of the first remedies that was examined by Samuel Hahnemann and published in the first volume of his Pure Medicines Teaching in 1805. The mother tincture is obtained from the ripe, dried and finely powdered nugget seeds, which are set in alcohol for at least five days . However, until it is administered in the typical D6 “potentiation” it is diluted so long that the amount of impurities in the solvent ultimately exceeds the amount of the mother tincture still present and a pharmacological effect can be excluded.
From the point of view of homeopathy , Nux vomica is one of the largest, most reliable and well-tested polychreste . Characteristic areas of application of Nux vomica, also known as Strychnos nux vomica, are the removal of damage (e.g. ingestion of unsuitable homeopathic remedies, abuse of luxury foods (e.g. alcohol (ingestion leads to rapid vomiting ), tobacco , coffee , overeating) )), Side effects of non-homeopathic medication (e.g. antibiotics , narcotics , cortisone , chemotherapeutic agents, etc.) as well as for people who have a very low tolerance limit (very quickly angry, quickly dissatisfied, quickly overstimulated, quickly impatient, easily offended, slightly over- sensitive to the slightest noise , smell or pain ).
The seeds can also be used for coloring. The bark, wood and leaves are also used as medicines.
See also
- Ignatius nugget
- List of basic homeopathic substances
- Physician nuts are also often referred to as nugget nuts
swell
- Karl Hiller, Matthias F. Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs. 2 volumes, approved special edition for area Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-89996-682-1 .
- Hans-Jürgen Eighteen: Homeopathic Insights. 23, Verlag Medizinisches Forum, 1995, ISSN 0937-745X .
- Homeopathy magazine I / 93, see also homeopathy magazine I / 93 with cover photo of Nux vomica fruits .
- Willibald Pschyrembel (Hrsg.): Pschyrembel dictionary of natural medicine and alternative healing methods. De Gruyter, 1996, ISBN 3-11-014276-7 .
- Carlo Odermatt, Sven Hartmann, Beat Ernst: Homeopathy drug pictures. K2-Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-03722-950-0 .
- Frank R. Bahr (Ed.): Practice compendium of homeopathic drug pictures. (c) Doctors' Day for Medicine Without Side Effects, 1997.
- Elisabeth Mandl: Medicinal plants in homeopathy. Maudrich, 1997, ISBN 3-85175-687-8 .
- Andrew Lockie: The Great Lexicon of Homeopathy. Dorling Kindersley Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-8310-0005-0 .
- Willibald Gawlik: drug picture and personality portrait. Hippocrates, 2002, ISBN 3-8304-5213-6 .
- Christopher Hammond: Practical Homeopathy: The New Handbook. Mosaic, 1996, ISBN 3-576-10599-9 .
literature
- Mohinder Singh Jus: Practical Materia Medica. Pharmacology from A – Z. Homeosana, 2004, ISBN 3-906407-05-5 .
- Hans-Jürgen Eighteen: Homeopathic Insights. 23, Verlag Medizinisches Forum, 1995, ISSN 0937-745X .
- Edeltraut and Peter Friedrich: Characters of homeopathic medicines. Volume 1, Traupe-Vertrieb, 2004, ISBN 3-9802834-0-2 .
- Strychnos nux-vomica in the Flora of China, Vol. 15.
- GH Schmelzer, A. Gurib-Fakim: Plant resources of tropical Africa. 11 (1), Medicinal Plants 1 , Prota, 2008, ISBN 978-90-5782-204-9 , p. 575 ff.
Web links
- Giftpflanze.com - nugget
- Longer article on the nugget
- Strychnos nux-vomica from Useful Tropical Plants, accessed January 27, 2018.
Individual evidence
- ^ Rita Singh: Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Bio-Medecine. Vol. 2: H-Z , Sarup & Sons, 2001, ISBN 81-7625-242-5 (2 Vol. Set), p. 369.
- ^ KR Khandelwal: Practical Pharmacognosy. Niral Prakashan, 2008, ISBN 978-81-85790-30-5 , pp. 79 ff.
- ↑ Strychnos nuxvomica at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Heinrich Marzell: Dictionary of German plant names. Volume 4, p. 522.
