Acker-Gauchheil

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Acker-Gauchheil
AnagallisArvensis.jpg

Acker-Gauchheil ( Anagallis arvensis )

Systematics
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Primrose Family (Primulaceae)
Subfamily : Myrsine family (Myrsinoideae)
Genre : Gauchheil ( Anagallis )
Type : Acker-Gauchheil
Scientific name
Anagallis arvensis
L.

The Anagallis arvensis ( Anagallis arvensis ), also Red pimpernel , fog plant , Weinberg star or weather herb called, is a plant from the genus pimpernel ( Anagallis ) in the subfamily of Myrsinengewächse (Myrsinaoideae) within the family of Primrose (Primulaceae). It is considered a weed in agriculture because it is slightly poisonous in all its parts, especially in the roots.

Illustration of Anagallis arvensis and Blauem Gauchheil (B)

description

Vegetative characteristics

The Acker-Gauchheil is a prostrate, creeping, annual, summer annual plant or an ascending, winter annual semi-rosette plant . The sharp, square stem is 5 to 30 cm long. The opposite, sitting leaves are ovate and have entire margins. It is rooted up to 40 centimeters deep.

Generative characteristics

Bloom of the Acker-Gauchheil
Fruit of the field gauch healing

The flowers appear from spring to autumn, in the northern hemisphere between May and October, individually in the leaf axils. They are radially symmetrical and have a diameter of about 10-15 mm. According to the flower type, they are so-called pollen disc flowers. The anthers have lining hair and attract various pollinators, especially flies . However, there is also spontaneous self-pollination before it blooms . There are small glandular hairs on the edge of the petals . In Central Europe, the petals are mostly vermilion, rarely blue. On the other hand, they are subspecies in the Mediterranean subspecies, which has somewhat larger flowers. latifolia mostly colored blue.

Blue-blooded forms of the field gauch healing are often confused with the blue gauch healing ( Anagallis foemina ). An examination of the phylogenesis of 2007 showed that Anagallis foemina is more closely related to Anagallis monelli than to Anagallis arvensis and should therefore be considered an independent clan. The taxonomy has not yet been finally clarified. Some researchers suggest that the blue-blooded clan be identified as the subspecies Anagallis arvensis subsp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell. to call. Still others list them as a species and even then in the genus Lysimachia as Lysimachia foemina (Mill.) U. Manns & Anderb.

The opening of the flowers of the Acker-Gauchheil varies in damp weather. Farmers used this phenomenon in the past to predict the weather. This is where the German names Nebelpflanze and Wetterkraut come from .

The capsule fruits of the Acker-Gauchheil reach their ripeness in the northern hemisphere from August to October. The fruit stalk bends with gravity and the seeds are blown out by the wind or spread as rainworms.

The species has chromosome number 2n = 40.

The form Anagallis arvensis f. azurea

The flower color of the Acker-Gauchheil can take on different shades. The forms arvensis with bright to menni-red, carnea with flesh-colored, lilacina with purple-colored, pallida with white, and azurea with blue flowers are described. When identifying the plant, the form azurea can cause difficulties due to the possibility of confusion with the blue Gauchheil ( Anagallis foemina ). The corolla lobes are a sure distinguishing feature: The clearly irregularly serrated petals of the Blauen Gauchheil have only about 5 to 10, at most 15, glandular hairs. With the form Anagallis arvensis f. azurea there are around 50 to 70 pieces. These sit on not or only slightly sawn corolla lobes.

  • The form A. arvensis f. azurea next to one of the f. carnea approximate color variant

  • A. arvensis f. azurea . The petals of the flower have terminal glandular hairs

  • In A. arvensis f. azurea , the petal tips have 50–70 glandular hairs

  • The glandular hairs are usually three-celled with a rounded end cell

Occurrence

Originally the Acker-Gauchheil comes from the Mediterranean area , but is an archaeophyte throughout Europe . The plant has been carried around the world from Europe and is a widespread, frequent plant that occurs in fields , gardens , vineyards as well as on rubble sites and in similar ruderal locations. In Central Europe it is a character species of the order Polygono-Chenopodietalia, but also occurs in societies of the Secalietea class or the Sisymbrion association.

In the last few decades, Acker-Gauchheil has also appeared on the edge of salt-strewn roads or highways. It then forms a wide red band on the edge of the asphalt. It grows mainly in light soil, but is also found in clay soils.

Poisonous effect

Anagallis arvensis is generally undesirable as a cosmopolitan invasive species . The whole plant is poisonous, especially the roots, and is therefore particularly unwelcome on pastures . In this regard, its bitter taste is beneficial, so grazing livestock usually avoid the plant as long as the pastures are not overgrazed . According to reports from Australia, chaff contaminated with Gauchheil cannot be used as animal feed because of its taste . However, when the plant is ingested, the cattle experience diuresis and narcotic effects. In experiments in which Gauchheil is administered to animals such as horses and dogs, it leads to gastroenteritis , with fatal effects if dosed in sufficient quantities. The plant has also been shown to be poisonous in poultry and rabbits , the seeds are poisonous to birds. Touching the leaves can cause allergic contact eczema in sensitive people . In India the plant is used for fishing because of its low toxicity. An Indian custom in which the oil is used to drive leeches out of dogs' noses can allegedly be fatal if the dog swallows the oil.

The plant and its seeds contain saponins, which are believed to be responsible for ensuring that fresh plant material has a hemolytic effect. It contains an unknown number of glycosides , u. a. the extremely poisonous triterpenoid cyclamine, which is found in cyclamen (also a member of the Myrsinoideae). It also contains bitter substances , tannins and the proteolytic enzyme primverase .

Anagallis arvensis is insecticidal, or at least insect repellent, probably due to the pungent pungent smell of its essential oil . Human trials of oral administration of the oil produced symptoms of severe nausea , headache, and physical pain for 24 hours . Other symptoms of poisoning are severe diuresis , tremors, mushy and watery stools, symptoms in the nervous system, brain and spinal cord, inflammation of the digestive tract and weak anesthesia.

The green parts of the plant show no remarkable antibacterial effect.

medicine

Even after Hippocrates , Anagallis was placed dry on wounds. Dioscorides knew two types, he recommended it for gargling, for toothache and with wine for snakebites, kidney and liver problems. Medieval herbal books are similar here. One had Extractum Syropus, Essentia, Aqua Anagallidis. There were uses in rage as well. Lonicerus' Kreuterbuch (1564) praises Gauchheil for wounds, as liver-opening, kidney-cleaning and stone-driving, externally for cloudy eyes, bites of great dogs and for cleaning the brain. Also Matthiolus New Kreuterbuch (1626) calls wounds plague , the poison will exude, childhood epilepsy , external use in hot, eating ulcers , rectal prolapse and hemorrhoids . According to von Haller , the herb was considered a safe remedy for frenzy without heat. According to Hecker's practical medicine theory (1814), it increases secretions from the skin and kidneys, helps with abdominal blockages, hydrops , gout and stone ailments , but especially with anger and fear of water. Bohn recommended it for gastric and hemorrhoidal mental illnesses such as epilepsy and depression , and the fresh juice cleansed wounds. According to Schulz , Gauchheil is used for chronic nephritis , lithiasis and hydrops, jaundice , cholelithiasis , cirrhosis of the liver , constipation and epilepsy, the juice is used externally for warts and granulomas . The Homeopathy knows Anagallis arvensis for dry skin with itchy hand eczema and mania .

Acker-Gauchheil has no place in modern evidence-based medicine . Worldwide, Anagallis arvensis is used less frequently in folk medicine than in its countries of origin because of its recent appearance . However, it used to be used in ointments as topical therapy for stubborn ulcers and wounds. It was also used as an expectorant , as well as a folk remedy for itching , rheumatism , hemorrhoids , rabies , leprosy , snakebite , various types of phthisis , and also for kidney diseases such as edema or chronic nephritis. The Acker-Gauchheil was also used to heal mental illnesses ( Gauch = fool , cuckoo ). In ancient Greece it was used to treat melancholy. It is still used today as Anagallis Arvensis Herba in various products against rashes and nervous disorders.

Common names

For the Acker-Gauchheil the names Abele , Augenblüte , Blutstruppen (Sommerfeld), Colmarkraut , Colenerskraut , Corallenblümchen , Frauenblume , Fule Lis ( Mecklenburg ), Ful Liese (Mecklenburg), Gacheil , Gachheil ( Bern ), Gähheil ( Daun in the Eifel ), Gauchblume , Gauchheil , Geckenheil , runsche Gedyrme (Mühlhausen, Middle High German ), Gochheil , Goldhünerdarm ( Carinthia , Tyrol , Swabia , Switzerland ), Grundheil , Guychelheil ( Middle Low German ), Guychelhoil (Middle Low German), Guygeil ( Hamburg ), houndstooth , healing the world ( Silesia ), medicinal herb , Hendwis , Hennebeyss , Hienebeken ( Transylvania ), Hienendärm (Transylvania), rod Hone Sune , rod Hnesswerve , chickens kick (Silesia), Hünertarn (middle high German), Hunerdarm or hüenerdarm (Middle High German), Jochheil , Katzenfuss , Katzenpfötchen , red mouse intestines , Maushödlin , mouse intestines , red Meyer (Silesia, Prussia ), red Miern (Silesia), rode Mir (Meckl châtel), Mür , Neuner Blümle ( Augsburg ), Neunerle (Augsburg), Nifelkraut ( Austria ), Nüniblümli (Switzerland), Nünikraut (Switzerland), Sperling herb (Silesia), reason and intellect , reason herb (Schwaben), Vleword , Vliword , bird cabbage , Ragwort and siskin in common.

Others

The Acker-Gauchheil is called Scarlet Pimpernel in English and is the namesake of the novel The Scarlet Pimpernel (German: The scarlet seal ) by Emmuska Orczy and the musical of the same name The scarlet seal by Frank Wildhorn and Nan Knighton .

literature

  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Botanical-ecological excursion pocket book. 5th revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg / Wiesbaden 1994, ISBN 3-494-01229-6 .
  • Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen (1993): Flora of Germany and neighboring countries . 89th, revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg / Wiesbaden, ISBN 3-494-01210-5 .
  • Christopher Gray-Wilson, Marjorie Blamey, Torbjørn Faarlund, Per Sunding: Teknologisk forlags store illustrated flora for Norge og Nord-Europa . 3. Edition. Domino Books, Jersey 2000, ISBN 82-512-0355-4 .
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 6th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .

Web links

Commons : Acker-Gauchheil  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Acker-Gauchheil  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Emil Korsmo, Hans Wilhelm Wollenweber: Weeds in agriculture in modern times . Ed .: Springer-Verlag. Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-662-36300-3 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  2. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 744. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  3. ↑ Ulrika Manns, Arne A. Anderberg: Relationships of Anagallis foemina and Anagallis arvensis (Myrsinaceae): New insights inferred from DNA sequence data . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 45, No. 3, 2007, pp. 971-980. doi : 10.1016 / j.mpev.2007.07.022 . PMID 17869544 .
  4. ^ The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed January 2016)
  5. ↑ Hessian agricultural journal. Agricultural associations of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, 1863, p. 38.
  6. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 326.
  7. ↑ a b c Harold C. Long: Plants Poisonous to Live Stock . CUP Archive, 1917, pp. 49-.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f John Mitchell Watt, Maria Gerdina Breyer-Brandwijk: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. 2nd ed pub. E&S Livingstone 1962
  9. ↑ Irma Podolak, Agnieszka Galanty, Danuta Sobolewska: Saponins as cytotoxic agents: a review. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2010; 9 (3): 425-474. doi : 10.1007 / s11101-010-9183-z PMC 2928447 (free full text)
  10. ↑ Ben-Erik van Wyk, Fanie van Heerden, Bosch van Oudtshoorn: Poisonous Plants of South Africa . Briza, Pretoria 2002, ISBN 978-1875093304 .
  11. ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume I. Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05890-1 , pp. 510-514 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition) ( online ).
  12. ↑ Georgos Vithoulkas: Homeopathic Medicines. Materia Medica Viva. Volume II. Elsevier, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-437-55061-4 , pp. 125-134.
  13. ↑ Reinhold Köhler: Handbook of special therapy including the treatment of poisoning. Laupp Verlag, 1855, p. 268.
  14. ↑ Gauchheil (Anagallis), Ackergauchheil (Anagallis arvensis). on: wald-laeufer.de
  15. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, page 25 f. on-line.