Ordinary shepherd's purse

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Ordinary shepherd's purse
Common shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)

Common shepherd's purse ( Capsella bursa-pastoris )

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Camelineae
Genre : Shepherd's purse ( Capsella )
Type : Ordinary shepherd's purse
Scientific name
Capsella bursa-pastoris
( L. ) Medic.

The common shepherd's purse ( Capsella bursa-pastoris ), also called shepherd's purse , is a species of the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). The scientific name Capsella bursa-pastoris comes from the Latin capsa = capsule, bursa = bag and pastor = shepherd, as the pods of the plant are shaped like the bags of earlier shepherds .

description

The common shepherd's purse is a herbaceous plant that is one to two years old . It becomes 10 to 50 cm high, but roots up to 90 cm deep. The basal leaves are arranged in rosettes, narrow, elongated and serrated to pinnate, rarely with entire margins. The simple or branched and upright stem axis carries a cluster of numerous flowers in the upper part, which later become stalked, protruding, heart-shaped to triangular pods . The petals are 2 to 3 mm long and white. The pods contain up to twelve seeds in each compartment.

Flowering time is almost all year round if the conditions are favorable. Fruit ripening is from April to December.

The chromosome number of the species is 2n = 4x = 32, it is auto- tetraploid

Pollen grain from the shepherd's purse (400 ×)

Occurrence

This species occurs throughout Europe and is very common in Central Europe. From then on, it spread eastwards through almost all of Asia and has now been abducted and naturalized to almost all other continents worldwide. Ruderal sites , fields and gardens are preferred as locations . The plant loves nitrogen and light and thrives on nutrient-rich soils. The shepherd's purse occurs up to the subalpine altitude. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part at the foot of the Hochwiesler near the Gimpelhaus up to 1820 m above sea level. Today the species is widespread in temperate climates and also in tropical-montane areas; it was originally only found in southern Europe and western Asia. In Central Europe it is a species of the Chenopodietea class, but also occurs in societies of the Polygonion avicularis association.

ecology

The common shepherd's purse is a very adaptable plant. It either grows annually in summer to winter or as a biennial semi-rosette plant.

The flowers have no blooming period, so the plant can bloom all year round if the weather is good. It forms inconspicuous homogeneous to pre-feminine "nectar-bearing disc flowers". Mostly spontaneous self-pollination takes place; Additional possible hover flies and small bees as pollinators before.

The fruits are vielsamige, maturity-paying for both fruit flaps silicles . The species is one of the most stubborn wild herbs. Up to four generations are possible per year. One plant produces up to 64,000 seeds .

There is self-expansion, as well as expansion as a wind and rain ballist. In the latter case, raindrops hitting the pod cause the fruit stalk to snap back and thus hurl the seeds out. The seeds that hit the mother plant are worked into the soil by earthworms, where they remain viable for a long time. Human spread and chance spread also occur. Seeds were z. B. found in the dung of cattle and seagulls . The sticky seeds are also used as sticky z. B. carried away on tires, shoes and hooves, which is used for long-distance propagation. It is also possible for the cultivation to be spread by small birds eating grain.

Proteases , protein- splitting enzymes , were found in the mucus of the seed coat . It has been speculated that they could be used to digest very small animals so that their breakdown products can be used as supplementary food. In this case the seeds would have a kind of carnivory . In the meantime it has been experimentally proven that the seeds in nutrient-poor soils can grow faster in the presence of nematodes , which are actually killed in the area of ​​the seed coat. Similar results are also available for other plant species with similar properties of the seed coat. The effect was described as "protocarnivory".

The seeds are very long-lived and can remain viable for up to 30 years. This spreads the germination over a very long period of time, which greatly increases the chance of the plant to establish itself.

Common shepherd's purse ( Capsella bursa-pastoris )

Diseases

Albugo candida on shepherd's purse

The common shepherd's purse is very often attacked by Albugo candida , the white rust , and its habitus changes significantly. Also Plasmodiophora brassicae , the causative agent of clubroot and dreaded pest in horticulture, attacks the shepherd's purse.

Taxonomy and systematics

The first description under the Basionym Thlaspi bursa-pastoris was published by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 1753. The German botanist Friedrich Kasimir Medikus placed the species in the genus Capsella in 1792 under the name Capsella bursa-pastoris , which is valid today .

One can distinguish between two subspecies:

  • Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. subsp. bursa-pastoris : It is originally found in Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia, on the Arabian Peninsula, in the Caucasus and in West and Central Asia, but is a neophyte worldwide.
  • Capsella bursa-pastoris subsp. thracica (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef. (Syn .: Capsella thracica Velen. ): It occurs only in Bulgaria and possibly also in European Turkey.

According to genetic data, the sister species of Capsella bursa-pastoris is Capsella orientalis , which is widespread from central Ukraine in Eastern Europe to Northern China , the other two European species, the Western Mediterranean Capsella grandiflora and Capsella rubella, form the sister group of this clade . Capsella bursa-pastoris subsp. thracica would therefore be an allotetraploid clan created by hybridization and should rather be listed in the species rank.

Popular names

Many popular names are known for the common shepherd's purse, such as pocket cabbage, tailor's bag, spoonbills, heart cabbage and farm mustard.

Other German-language trivial names , some of which are only used regionally, are or were: Beutelschneiderkraut ( Silesia , Saxony , Eifel ) , Bag Schnötterkraut ( Thuringia ), Bloodroot, Blutkraut (Silesia, Middle High German ), Boer ham (Steding), Crispel (Middle High German), Crispeln (Middle High German ), Badger weed (Silesia), daschelkraut, Deschelkraut, Deschenkrut, goose croiss, goose crass ( Old High German ), goose cress (Old High German), goose cress (Old High German), purse ( Augsburg ), Geldseckali ( Bern , St. Gallen ), Gensekersse (Middle German) , Genskertz (Old High German), Hegalischelm (St. Gallen in the lake district), Heinotterblume ( Altmark ), Hirtenseckel, Hirtentäschle (Augsburg), Hirtentasche ( Tübingen ), Shepherd's purse, Klepp ( East Frisia ), Krispele (Middle High German), Krispelkraut (Middle High German) Läpels ( Schleswig-Holstein ), Läpelkäs (East Friesland), Lapatekrokt ( Transylvania ), Münserlkraut ( Tyrol in Pinzgau ), Säcklichrut (St Ga llen) Schapschinken ( Delmenhorst ), Schelmaseckali (St. Gallen am Unterrheintal), ham (Steding), Schinkenkraut ( Prignitz ), Schinkenkrut ( Mecklenburg ), Schinkensteel (Steding), Seckelabschnyd, Seckelkraut, Speckdent ( Jever ), Täschelkraut, Taschenkraut (Eifel), Täschlichrut (Bern), Taschenbürgen) (Siebenbürgen) , Taskendeif ( Westphalia ), Tesselkraut, Vögelichrut (Bern) and Witt Wäs (Altmark).

pharmacology

Shepherd's purse is an ancient medicinal plant that is popular in naturopathy. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, the plant, also known as Thlaspi (see also Thlaspi ) and Mia , was used therapeutically as a laxative and emetic, to stimulate menstrual bleeding, as an abortion agent and to dissolve bad body fluids in the intestines.

The dried aboveground plant parts (Bursae pastoris herba) collected at the time of flowering serve as medicinal drugs.

Ingredients are: amino acids and proteins (about 32%), flavonoids (u a.. Kaempferol , luteolin , diosmetin , quercetin , rutin , diosmin ), phenol carboxylic acids, potassium and calcium salts, vitamin C and terpenoid compounds.

The drug is used internally for the symptomatic treatment of menorrhagia and metrorrhagia and for the local treatment of nosebleeds.

Externally, the drug is used for superficial, bleeding skin injuries.

use

In some places shepherd's purse is used as a wild salad.

Others

The common shepherd's purse is a cheap object of investigation for studies of embryonic development , on the one hand because of its transparent seed coat , on the other hand because all development phases can be found in an inflorescence from the unfertilized egg cell in the bud to mature seeds.

history

The medical use of the common shepherd's purse can be reliably proven for the first time in folk medicine of the 15th century. In the little book about the burnt-out waters , it was recommended to take a distillate made from “peas herb” against nosebleeds, against bloody and watery diarrhea, against excessive menstrual bleeding and to expel urinary tract stones. In an Alsatian manuscript from the second half of the 15th century (Cpg 226) it was recommended to hold a handful of the herb in front of the nose for the treatment of nosebleeds. The Strasbourg surgeon Hieronymus Brunschwig wrote in his small distilling book : "... if you have handled the krut with the closed one it vntz it warmed up / thou by the bleeding of the nose from ſ hours on it would be dead and distorted…"

In the Mainz herb book incunabula of the 15th century - Herbarius moguntinus (1484), Gart der Gesundheit (1485) and Hortus sanitatis (1491) - the common shepherd's purse was treated together with the bird knotweed and the traditional indications of both plants were thrown together. This view was rejected by the German fathers of botany - Otto Brunfels , Hieronymus Bock and Leonhart Fuchs . Since they could not find a plant corresponding to the common shepherd's purse in Dioscurides , they only adopted the information from folk medicine. On this Otto Brunfels 1532 in his German herb book:

“… The new ones / or the last doctors / barbarians / they give this herb vil names / as Burſa paſtoris / Pera paſtoris / Criſpula Herba cancri Sanguinaria / and the same other sea / nobody / who really likes a chapter Dioſcoridis deütten. So I want to stay

In 1986, Commission E of the former Federal Health Office published a (positive) monograph on shepherd's purse with the indications: slight menorrhagia and metrorrhagia , nosebleeds and superficial bleeding skin injuries.

Historical sources

Historical illustrations

swell

  • Robert Zander : Zander concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Fritz Encke , Günther Buchheim, Siegmund Seybold . 15th edition, corrected reprint of the 14th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8001-5072-7 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? Wild flowering plants of Central Europe . 54th edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-440-05615-5 .
  • Markus Gruber: Healthy through medicinal herbs. Gondrom, Bayreuth 1968.
  • Oskar Sebald: Capsella Med. 1792 (nom. Conserv.) Shepherd's purse. In: Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 2 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Dilleniidae): Hypericaceae to Primulaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3312-1 , pp. 284-286 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Page 450. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p.  182-183 .
  3. ↑ a b Herbert Hurka, Nikolai Friesen, Dmitry A. German, Andreas Franzke, Barbara Neuffer (2012): 'Missing link' species Capsella orientalis and Capsella thracica elucidate evolution of model plant genus Capsella (Brassicaceae). Molecular Ecology 21: 1223-1238. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-294X.2012.05460.x
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 613.
  5. ^ John T. Barber (1978): Capsella bursa-pastoris seeds. Are they "carnivorous"? Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 7: 39-42.
  6. ↑ Hattie R. Roberts, John M. Warren, Jim Provan (2018): Evidence for facultative protocarnivory in Capsella bursa pastoris seeds. Scientific Reports (2018) 8: 10120 doi: 10.1038 / s41598-018-28564-x
  7. ↑ George G. Spomer (1998): Evidence of Protocarnivorous Capabilities in Geranium viscosissimum and Potentilla arguta and Other Sticky Plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160 (1): 98-101. doi: 10.1086 / 314109
  8. ^ Gerhard Bedlan: Common shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris). 2009, bedlan.at  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bedlan.at  
  9. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 647, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D647%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  10. ↑ Friedrich Kasimir Medikus: Plant genera formed according to the epitome of all fructification parts, and arranged according to the sexual plant register; with critical remarks. First issue. in Schwan and Götz, Mannheim 1792, p. 85, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k97833p%2Ff85.image~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
  11. ^ Capsella in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  12. ↑ Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae : Datasheet Capsella In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  13. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 78 ( archive.org ).
  14. ↑ Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German plant names. 5 volumes, Leipzig, from volume 3 Stuttgart / Wiesbaden, volume I, p. 797.
  15. ↑ a b Gunter Steinbach (Ed.), Bruno P. Kremer u. a .: wildflowers. Recognize & determine. Mosaik, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-576-11456-4 , p. 70.
  16. ↑ Hans Zotter : Ancient medicine. The collective medical manuscript Cod. Vindobonensis 93 in Latin and German. Academic printing and Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1980 (= Interpretationes ad codices. Volume 2); 2nd, improved edition, ibid. 1986, ISBN 3-201-01310-2 , pp. 302-305.
  17. ↑ a b c d Karl Hiller, Matthias F. Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs. 2nd Edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8274-2053-4 .
  18. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . Printed in Augsburg 1478 (digitized version)
  19. ↑ Cpg 226 , Alsace 1459–1468, sheet 154r (digitized version )
  20. ↑ Herbarius moguntinus . Mainz 1484, chapter 28 (digitized version)
  21. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1484, chapter 67 (digitized version)
  22. ^ Hortus sanitatis . Mainz 1491, Book I, Chapter 353 (digitized version)
  23. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 110r – v (digitized version )
  24. ↑ Otto Brunfels . Contrafayt Kreüterbuch. 1532, p. 187 (digitized version)
  25. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . Kreueterbuch. 1539, Book I, Chapter 71 (digitized version)
  26. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . Kreueterbuch. 1543, chapter 233 (digitized version)
  27. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 178r – 179r (digitized version )
  28. ↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 124: Bursa pastoris (digitized version) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 193: Bursa pastoris (digitized version)
  29. ^ Albrecht von Haller (editor). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacists art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 246: Bursa pastoris (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Johann Gottfried Rademacher : Justification of the misunderstood, intellectual empirical teaching of the old divorced secret doctors and faithful communication of the result of 25 years of testing this teaching on the sickbed . Berlin 2nd edition 1846, Volume II, p. 761: Täschelkraut (digitized version )
  31. ↑ Handbook of the Entire Pharmaceutical Science. Springer, Berlin 2nd edition 1883, p. 559 (digitized version)

Web links

Commons : Ordinary shepherd's purse ( Capsella bursa-pastoris )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Capsella bursa-pastoris  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations