Meadow foam herb
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Meadow foam herb ( Cardamine pratensis ) |
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The Cardamine Pratensis ( Cardamine pratensis ) is a plant from the genus of the foam herbs ( Cardamine ) within the family of Brassicaceae (Brassicaceae). The distribution area covers large areas of the northern hemisphere . With its white to delicate purple flowers, it often dominates the appearance of nutrient-rich wet meadows from late April to mid-May .
description
Appearance
The meadow foam herb grows as a wintering green, perennial , herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 15 to 55 (8 to 80) centimeters. It forms a relatively short, cylindrical, bulbous-thickened rhizome with a diameter of up to 5 millimeters as a persistent organ. The upright, unbranched stem is round in cross-section, initially contains the pith and later becomes hollow and is bald or sparsely hairy in the lower area.
Foliage leaf
The thin leaves stand together in basal rosettes and are alternately distributed on the stem; the leaf veins are raised. The basal leaves, which are usually 2 to 7 (1 to 10) centimeters long, have a length of 30 centimeters, are single or unpinnate and have two to 15 pairs of rounded leaflets . The terminal leaflet of the basal leaves is 1.5 centimeters long and stalked, with a diameter of 0.3 to 2 centimeters, circular to wide, obovate with a mostly rounded, rarely almost kidney or wedge-shaped base, a wavy edge and a rounded upper end. The basal leaves have their rhachis two to eight (up to 15 or no) leaflets on each side , which are at most the same size as the terminal leaflets; they are stalked or sessile, circular, ovate to broadly obovate with a notched or wavy edge. There are usually two to twelve (up to 18) bald, short-stalked, 2 to 17 centimeters long, pinnate stem leaves. The stalked or sessile end section of the stem leaves is linear, oblong, egg-shaped or lanceolate with a length of usually 1 to 2.5 (up to 3.5) centimeters and a width of usually 5 to 8 (up to 10) millimeters. The stem leaves have their rhachis two to eight (up to 15 or no) side leaflets on each side, which are at most the same size as the terminal leaflets; they are stalked or sessile and sloping, similar in shape to the basal leaves and usually have a smooth or rarely serrated edge.
inflorescence
The flowering time of the meadow foam herb extends from April to June or even July, depending on the location. The flowers stand together in a terminal, racemose inflorescence , but often other small, racemose inflorescences arise on the upper part of the stem. In rainy weather and in the dark, the flower stalks curve and the closing flowers assume a nodding position.
blossom
The hermaphrodite flowers are four-fold with the arrangement of the flower organs typical of cruciferous plants. The four upright or spreading, green, free sepals have a length of usually 3 to 5 (2.5 to 6) millimeters and a width of 1 to 2 millimeters, an elongated or egg-shaped shape with a membranous edge and the base of the two lateral sepals is sack-shaped. The four free, nailed petals have a length of usually 0.8 to 1.5 (0.6 to 1.8) centimeters and a width of usually 3 to 7.5 (up to 10) millimeters, an obovate shape and a rounded or edged top. The colors of the petals range from rarely white to mostly whitish and pale pink with darker veins to purple. Of the six stamens , the middle pairs have stamens 5 to 10 millimeters long and the side pair 3 to 6 millimeters long stamens. The yellow anthers are narrowly elongated with a length of (0.8 to) usually 1.2 to 2 millimeters. The stamens are about three times as long as the sepals. The single carpel contains 20 to 30 ovules . The durable, mostly squat stylus has a length of 1 to 2.2 (0.5 to 2.7) millimeters.
Fruit and seeds
The thin, usually 1.2 to 2.5 (0.5 to 3) centimeter long fruit stalks are upright, ascending or almost spreading on the fruiting axis. The pods have a length of 2.5 to 4.5 (1.6 to 5.5) centimeters, a linear shape and a diameter of (1.2 to) usually 1.5 to 2.3 millimeters and a round cross-section bald flaps . The light brown seeds are elongated with a length of usually 1.2 to 1.8 (up to 2) millimeters and a diameter of 1 to 1.4 millimeters. The fruits ripen between June and August.
Chromosome numbers
The chromosome numbers are 2n = 16, 24, 28-34, 38-44, 48, 56, 96, i.e. the basic chromosome number x = 8. There is polyploidy and examinations show diploid to heptaploid populations .
ecology
The meadow foam herb is a hemicryptophyte , a perennial half-rosette plant with a thin, creeping rhizome . The leaf rosette is often evergreen.
From an ecological point of view, it is “nectar-bearing disc flowers” with a transition to “funnel flowers”. Nectar is abundantly secreted by small nectaries at the base of the ovary, it is only accessible to bees and butterflies ; Hover flies harvest the pollen . The flowers are also the most important source of pollen for the sand bee ( Andrena lagopus ). As with other cruciferous vegetables, the scar papillae are cutinized so that only those pollen grains can germinate that also produce cutinase , i.e. the cutin- dissolving enzyme .
The pods spring open when ripe and scatter the seeds arranged in a row. The meadow foam herb uses a spreading strategy that is botanically known as a ballochorie . The meadow foam herb is one of the juice pressure spreaders that are rare in the European flora in contrast to the desiccation spreaders . If the pods ripen, the cell sap pressure rises and the walls of the pod swell. If a certain pressure is exceeded, the walls of the pod tear open explosively . The energy released in the process spreads the seeds up to 2.4 meters.
The meadow foam herb is a light germinator.
When the basal leaves of the Meadow Foam herb touch the moist soil, rooting brood buds often form at the attachment points of the leaflets . Independent plants grow from these. With this vegetative self- expansion , which is botanically called blastochory , the plant ensures that it can spread even if the site conditions or cold and damp weather prevent the seed pods from ripening.
Synecology
The flowers of the meadow foam herb are very rich in nectar and are pollinated by numerous insects.
Aurora butterfly
Together with the garlic mustard , the meadow foam herb is the preferred food plant of the aurora butterfly caterpillar ( Anthocharis cardamines ). The aurora butterfly, which also uses the meadow foam herb as a nectar plant, usually lays its eggs on the flower stalks. The caterpillars feed on these plants until July or August, pupate into a so-called belt pupa and then overwinter.
Meadow foam cicada
The 5 to 6 millimeter long and variably colored meadow foam cicada ( Philaenus spumarius ) is one of the insects that also live on the meadow foam herb . Meadow-foam cicadas live on herbaceous plants , whose sap they suck. They also lay their eggs on their host plants, from which larvae hatch in April and May, which also suckle the sap. The foam is created by pumping air bubbles from the respiratory cavity into a protein-containing liquid, which the larvae secrete from the anus. The foam protects the larvae sitting in it from enemies, but primarily receives the moisture and temperature necessary for further development. These eye-catching foam nests can also be found on the cuckoo's carnation and on grasses .
Occurrence
The distribution area of Cardamine pratensis extends from Europe to the arctic climate zone in northern Asia and North America . It occurs in Asia in Japan , Korea , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Russia and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Nei Mongol , Xinjiang and western Tibet . In North America, Cardamine pratensis occurs at altitudes between 0 and 1000 meters in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Québec as well as in Newfoundland and in the US states of Connecticut , Indiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont , most populations are neophytes from Europe, but there also appear to be populations that are native to North America.
It can be found in various biotope types . It is one of the most common plant species in Central Europe .
Fresh to moist fat and wet meadows as well as swamp and alluvial forests of the colline to montane altitude range up to altitudes of around 1700 meters are preferred as locations . The spread of this species is strongly promoted by cultivating moist meadows. In nutrient-rich shrub and perennial weeds corridors where nutrient-rich waters of springs and spring runs and in Hochstaudenfluren and thickets of the mountains the Cuckoo Flower is found. It thrives in Central Europe in societies of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class, but also occurs in societies of the Aegopodion or Alno-Ulmion associations.
Systematics
The first publication of Cardamine pratensis was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 2, S. 656th
The botanical species name Cardamine pratensis is made up of the generic name Cardamine , which is derived from the Greek word καρδαμίνη kardamíne for cress and the specific epithet pratensis , which comes from Latin and can be translated as "growing on meadows".
Many subspecies and varieties have been described, all of which are now synonyms of this or other species. Synonyms Cardamine pratensis L. for are: Cardamine nemorosa Lej. , Cardamine praticola Jord. , Cardamine rivularis Čopyk , Cardamine udicola Jord. , Cardamine ullepiciana Borbás , Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. pratensis , Cardamine pratensis subsp. atlantica (Emb. & Maire) Greuter & Burdet , Cardamine pratensis subsp. genuina Čelak. des. inval., Cardamine pratensis subsp. major Tomšovic , Cardamine pratensis subsp. picra De Langhe & D'hose , Cardamine pratensis subsp. ullepiciana (Borbás) Jay , Cardamine pratensis var. atlantica Emb. & Maire , Cardamine pratensis var. carpatica Zapalł. , Cardamine pratensis var. Dentata Schur , Cardamine pratensis var. Flore-pleno Neilr. , Cardamine pratensis var. Grandiflora Endl. , Cardamine pratensis var. Grandiflora Neilr. , Cardamine pratensis var. Grandiflora Schur , Cardamine pratensis var. Macrantha Schur , Cardamine pratensis var. Parvifolia Wimm. & Dig. , Cardamine pratensis var. Pleniflora Schur , Cardamine pratensis var. Pseudohirsuta Schur , Cardamine pratensis var. Pubescens Wimm. & Dig. , Cardamine pratensis var. Subrivularis Schur , Cardamine pratensis var. Typica Beck des. Inval.
Common names
The common names common in German-speaking countries, meadow foam herb or simply foam herb, possibly refer to the occurrence of foam nests of the foam leafhopper (Aphrophoridae) on this plant. These are so common in spring that the nests of the plant, also popularly known as “cuckoo saliva” or “witch's spit”, have given the plant the popular name “cuckoo flower”.
But the term foam herb also allows a different interpretation, since a meadow with cuckoo herb can give the impression that it is covered with foam: “ If you look at such a plain in the middle of May at a time of day when the sun's rays are warming through When the well-known undulating movement of the air arises, the whole surface appears as if covered by a lush foam, which may well have given rise to the name foam herb. "
As a widespread and eye-catching meadow flower, the meadow foam herb has a number of other regionally very different folk names. These include bedbrunzer, blue watercress, gauch flower, urine seeds, mayflower, maria flower, pinksterbloem, prairie herb, cork's beak, straw flower, water herb and wild cress. Other names are brook cress , sweet watercress ( Austria ), Chessali ( St. Gallen near Werdenberg and Sargans ), field cress, Fleischblume ( Switzerland ), Geldseckalischelm (St. Gallen in the Rhine Valley ), Geltenblume (Switzerland), Hanotterblom ( Altmark ), Heinotterblom ( Altmark), Hennaäugli (St. Gallen in the Rhine Valley), Kiewitsblome (Oldenburg, East Friesland , Wilstermarsch ), brown cress, wild cress ( Carinthia near Glödnitz ), Kukuksblome ( Unterweser ), Maiblome (Oldenburg), Mattenkressich (Switzerland), Milchblümle ( Memmingen ), Pfingstblumen (Oldenburg), Pingsterblömen (East Friesland), Schisgelte (Switzerland), Spreenblome ( Wildeshausen ), Störkeblöme (East Friesland), meadow cress ( Silesia ) and Ziegerle (Switzerland).
use
food
The young leaves, which are collected before flowering, as well as the young plants are edible and, due to the mustard oil glycoside they contain, have a cress-like and slightly hot taste . They are used in salads, in herb soups, as a condiment for quark and cream cheese, and in sauces.
Medical application
Meadow foam herb contains mustard oil glycosides , bitter substances and vitamin C as ingredients . The oil of the meadow foam is therefore used in dermatology as a care cream for stressed and dry hands.
In folk medicine , meadowfoam tea is used against rheumatism and other painful conditions. Medicinal effects are based primarily on the contained vitamin C and mustard oil glycosides , which have a stimulating effect on the kidneys and liver in particular . This effect also gives the meadow foam herb the popular names Bettsoicher, Urnsamen and Griesblümel. However, because the active substances contained in the meadow foam herb can also have an irritating effect on the stomach and kidneys, it should only be used in moderation.
According to Madaus , despite the obvious distribution of the plant, there are hardly any older medical mentions. It was not used in pharmacies in the 16th century. Only Dodonaeus knew of their effects similar to Nasturtium aquaticum . Greding made it better known in 1774. Buchheim's textbook on drug theory from 1853/56 and Dragendorff's The Medicinal Plants of the Different Peoples and Times from 1898 name the real similarity to watercress and also horseradish and bitter foam herb for cramps in children. Bohn The healing values of native plants called chorea, hysterical cramps and rheumatic pain, Dinands manual herbalism 1924 also Unterleibsstockungen, skin diseases and scurvy . According to Schulz , it is said to have been used for scarlet fever. A blood sugar lowering effect in diabetes mellitus was not confirmed.
Use as an ornamental plant
The meadow foam herb has been cultivated as an ornamental plant since the 17th century , although a form with double flowers is also offered. The meadow foam herb is recommended for wild plant gardens.
Flower of the year 2006 and endangerment
The meadow foam herb was voted Flower of the Year 2006. The Hamburg Nature Conservation Foundation and the Foundation for the Protection of Endangered Plants justified their decision in favor of this species , which is still common in many places, with the fact that the choice of such a wet meadow species is intended to draw attention to the increasing endangerment of this type of biotope. The decline in such areas affects more and more grassland species in their distribution. In Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, for example, the populations of the meadow foam herb have already declined to such an extent that this species is classified as endangered there and has received red list status 3.
Philatelic
With the initial issue date December 18, 2018 which gave German Post AG in the series flowers a postage stamp in the nominal value of 15 euro cents out. The design comes from the graphic designers Stefan Klein and Olaf Neumann from Iserlohn .
swell
literature
- Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Karol Marhold, Judita Lihová: Cardamine. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 , pp. 482 (English, limited preview in Google Book search). Cardamine pratensis online with the same text at efloras.org (sections description, distribution and systematics).
- Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , pp. 92 (English). Cardamine pratensis online with the same text at efloras.org (sections description, distribution and systematics).
- Gertrud Scherf: Meadow flowers: the nature guide with a difference. BLV, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-405-16909-7 .
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Cardamine pratensis L. s. str., meadow foam herb. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ^ Siegmund Seybold : Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. A book for identifying vascular plants that grow wild and often cultivated . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 93rd completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2006, ISBN 3-494-01413-2 .
- ↑ a b c d e Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , pp. 92 (English). Cardamine pratensis online with the same text at efloras.org
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Karol Marhold, Judita Lihová: Cardamine. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 , pp. 482 (English, limited preview in Google Book search). Cardamine pratensis online with the same text at efloras.org .
- ^ A b Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Rosehip & Co: Flowers, fruits and spread of European plants. Fauna, Nottuln 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 .
- ↑ a b NABU article: The aurora butterfly is delighted - meadowfoam is flower of the year 2006 . ( Memento from October 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 460-461 .
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ Cardamine pratensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Karol Marhold 2011: Cardamine pratensis at The Euro + Med Editorial Committee: Werner Greuter , Vernon Heywood, Stephen Jury, Karol Marhold, Pertti Uotila, Benito Valdés: Euro + Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
- ↑ See Adalbert Schnizlein and Albert Frickhinger: The vegetation conditions of the Jura and Keuper formation in the river areas of the Wörnitz and Altmühl , Nördlingen 1848, page 104. Quoted from Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German plant names . Volume 1: Abelia-Cystisus. Reprint, Cologne 2000, pages 808-809
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 79. ( online ).
- ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume I. Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05890-1 , pp. 820-823 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition).
- ^ Foundation for nature conservation : Flower of the year 2006 : Meadow foam herb. (PDF)
Web links
- Info page about meadow foam herb at Ex :: Natura .
- Detailed pictures at plant-identification.co.uk .
- Literature on Cardamine pratensis in the Kew Bibliographic Databases.
- Cardamine pratensis agg., Meadow foam herb (species group). In: FloraWeb.de.
- Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
- Cardamine pratensis L. (sl), meadow foam herb. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Meadow foam herb . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Cardamine pratensis aggr. sensu Heitz In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Data sheet with photos.
Map with all linked sites: 
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