Swamp heart leaf

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Swamp heart leaf
Swamp heart leaf (Parnassia palustris)

Swamp heart leaf ( Parnassia palustris )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Spindle tree (Celastrales)
Family : Spindle trees (Celastraceae)
Subfamily : Heart leaf family (Parnassioideae)
Genre : Heart leaf ( Parnassia )
Type : Swamp heart leaf
Scientific name
Parnassia palustris
L.

The swamp heart leaf ( Parnassia palustris ), also called student rose , is a species of the genus heart leaf ( Parnassia ) and in Central Europe the only representative of the subfamily of the heart leaf family (Parnassioideae). It is the most widespread species of the Parnassia genus ; the distribution area covers large parts of northern Eurasia and North America.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The swamp heart leaf grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and, depending on the location, reaches heights of growth of 5 to 30 centimeters. The rhizome of the hemicryptophyte is upright and often branched, with rosette-like foliage at the top. All parts of the plant are hairless.

Almost all, two to twelve, 3 to 6 (rarely up to 8) cm long stalked leaves stand together in a basal rosette. The leaf blade is usually more or less long ovate with an almost heart-shaped base, entire, 1 to 4 inches long and 1 to 2.5 inches wide. The leaves are often dotted purple. The angular stem usually has a sessile, deep heart-shaped leaf surrounding the stem in the lower half, which can occasionally be missing; there are rarely two stem leaves.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are single. The hermaphroditic, five-fold, radial symmetry flower has a diameter of mostly 2.2 to 3 (rarely up to 3.5) cm. The five free sepals are shorter than the petals, dotted with intense purple-brown, elliptical to elongated, 5 to 8 mm and 3 to 5 mm wide. The five free, broadly ovoid to obovate, between 8 and 15 mm long and 7 to 10 (rarely up to 13) mm wide petals are white and darkly veined (streak marks). The outer stamen circle consists of five fertile stamens with short, thick stamens and egg-shaped, wide, yellowish, up to 3 mm long anthers. The inner one is transformed into staminodes . These are about 0.3 times as long as the petals. They are spatulate with 7 to mostly 9 to 21 fan-shaped spreading fringes longer towards the middle with spherical, yellowish, shiny, non-secreting glands on their tips (nectar dummies, anthers dummies, pseudonectaries ). The equatorial diameter of the pollen grains is 18 to 33 µm. Four carpels are a top permanent, egg-shaped (syncarp) ovary grown. The very short stylus , which forms a more or less distinct beak of the fruit, ending in a four-lobed, commissural scar. Ovaries with three carpels and three stigmas are also rare. The flowering period is from July to September.

The 5 to 12 mm long, fold-open, egg-shaped capsule fruits contain numerous seeds. The 1.1 to 1.7 mm long, brown seeds have a fine network structure, are elongated and often slightly curved, with a broad wing edge. Due to the edge of the wing, the seeds are considered to be balloon fliers , and the plant is generally considered a wind and animal spreader . Since the seeds do not contain any nutrient tissue , the seedlings are probably nourished by a fungus ( mycotroph ). The fruits ripen in October.

The hypocotyl reached with the less than half as long cotyledons a length of about 0.25 mm of the total of 0.7 mm long embryo . The conspicuous palisade-like epidermal cells are about twice as large as the cells of the layers below. Due to the many similarities with the seeds of the forest goat's beard ( Aruncus dioicus ), this is also a prime example of a convergence of species that are not closely related.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18 or 36.

Flower ecology

blossom

The flower is strictly male . One of the five outer stamens ripens every day. The ripening stamen bends upwards and outwards. Since the anthers open upwards, the insects, which usually visit the center of the flower, are dusted on their underside. Then the dust bag is thrown off. The next stamen follows. The two stigmas only open when all stamens have been thrown off, which ensures cross-pollination.

  • Flowering on the second day of flowering. The first stamen has already spread outwards.

  • Flowering on the fourth day of flowering. Two dust bags have already been thrown off. Another is just around the corner.

  • Flowering on the fifth day of flowering. The last stamen is placed on the still closed stigma.

  • All dust bags have already been thrown off. The scars are now ready to conceive.

The flowers largely simulate nectar for visitors, but offer them a place to warm up in the center of the flower. The swamp heart leaf is a so-called fly deception flower; H. Müller has identified 43 species of flies as pollinators in the Alps. The yellow heads on the nectar leaves look deceptively similar to nectar droplets, but are of a firm consistency . Due to the very successful deception, the heads are also incorrectly described in current literature as sugar-free, shiny water droplets. Flies (Brachycera) are often deceived by this and lick the supposed nectar droplets. In addition, flies usually prefer yellow or white colors for flowers. The darker veins of the white petals lead the pollinators directly to the center of the flower.

However, during the first few days, nectar and fragrances are also secreted from two depressions at the disc-shaped base of the nectar leaves. The plant thus simulates significantly more nectar than is available. The parabolic mirror-like , white petals collect and focus the sunlight, so that on cold days the flowers are often visited by insects as a place to warm up and pollinate them. In the vicinity of the pen, i.e. around the focal point, the temperatures are around 1.4 to 2.9 ° C higher than in the vicinity. Corresponding properties have also been demonstrated in a white flowering poppy species from the Canadian Arctic and a subspecies of the silver arum.

But self-pollination is also possible. This can be done, among other things, by the wingless males of fringed winged birds (Thysanoptera), which develop from the eggs laid in the flower.

Occurrence

Distribution area of Parnassia palustris

The swamp heart leaf has a Nordic-Eurasian, circumpolar distribution. The area ranges from Iceland to Japan to James Bay in Canada .

In China, this species thrives in the provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shanxi and in northern Xinjiang on moist grassy slopes, banks of rivers, shady, moist locations in valleys and meadows at altitudes between 1200 and 2200 meters.

In Europe, this plant species is only rare in the south, where it is restricted to mountainous regions. The Pyrenees in Europe form the southern border. In the Rocky Mountains , the swamp heartland is widespread as far as Wyoming and North Dakota , Minnesota and Michigan . The Sumpf-Herzblatt thrives at all altitudes from the plains to the mountains and rises up to 2320 meters in Upper Bavaria, up to 2200 meters in the Allgäu Alps, up to 2530 meters in Tyrol, up to 2650 meters in the Lower Engadine and finally in Valais ( Gandegghütte ) up to 3005 meters.

Marshy meadows, spring meadows and flat moors are preferred as locations . The swamp heart-leaf also thrives on embankments (such as road embankments ) that can draw water from the ditch when it rains. It prefers soaky, somewhat calcareous soils, but also moist, limestone grasslands . The swamp heart leaf is the characteristic of the plant society (association) of the heart leaf brown sedge swamp (Parnassio-Caricetum fuscae Oberd. 57 em. Görs 77) within the small sedge societies of the low and intermediate moors (Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae (Nordhag. 37) Tx. 37 ). In the alpine region, this plant species often grows in the Rostseggenrasen (Caricion ferrugineae Lüdi 1921).

Systematics

Illustration of Parnassia palustris in Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland by Otto Wilhelm Thomé , Gera (1885).

The species name Parnassia palustris was first published by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 273.

Origin of name

The Latin epithet palustris means 'swampy' and refers to the location. The genus name was introduced by Linnaeus , who referred to the naming of the species as Gramen parnassi albo simplici flore (translated: "Grass of Parnassus with white simple flower") by Caspar Bauhin . This is an allusion to a plant that is said to grow on Mount Parnassus . The German name Sumpf-Herzblatt is a two-part book name based on the scientific name and also refers to the location. Common folk names include heart leaf, which refers to the heart-shaped base leaves, also Einblatt, Pinnblatt, Herzblümchen, Sternli, Autumn rose and many others.The term student rose, like the identical name for other late-flowering plants, refers to the flowering time at the beginning of September when the students go back to university.

Internal systematics and genetics

In Germany there is only one diploid clan with chromosome numbers : 2n = 18. However, there is also a tetraploid clan (2n = 4x = 36), which is more northern in Europe. The distribution of the clans seems to be loosely related to the borders of the Worm Ice Age glaciation. Investigations on the British Isles with the occurring varieties Parnassia palustris var. Palustris and Parnassia palustris var. Condensata showed that both plants also have two or four sets of chromosomes and that this is not a useful distinguishing feature between the varieties.

Occasionally the subspecies obtusifolia and neogaea are also mentioned. According to the extensive investigations by Ulla-Maj Hultgard , a differentiation into subspecies or varieties has proven to be unsustainable. In general, this species is not very changeable.

In China a distinction is made between the varieties Parnassia palustris var. Multiseta Ledebour (with more divided staminodes) and Parnassia palustris L. var. Palustris ; here 2n = 18, (27), 36 occur.

External system

Parnassia palustris is the type species of the genus Parnassia . Within the genus, it forms the Parnassia section with some American species as well as those found in the New World Arctic, in Greenland and Northeast Siberia .

Conservation and endangerment

The swamp heart leaf is particularly protected according to the German Federal Species Protection Ordinance. Until 1988, the main risk factors in Germany consisted of the drainage and afforestation of bog sites, the cultivation of bogs and the draining of wet meadows, but also the lowering of the water table and the filling of humid depressions. Today, the threat continues, above all from eutrophication of the soil through immissions and fertilizer input. These changes lead to a rapid displacement of the less competitive species.

In Germany, the Sumpf-Herzblatt is on the Red List with 3+ endangered. For the federal states, the risk ranges from 1 (Berlin and Hamburg) to 3 (Bavaria). In Austria , the species is endangered in the area of ​​the Bohemian Massif , in the northern and southeastern Alpine foothills and in the Pannonian area . In Upper Austria , the swamp sweetheart applies to Upper Austria . NSchG 2001 as a completely protected plant. In Switzerland the species is considered not endangered.

Pests

Various parasitic fungi grow on the leaves: Synchytrium aureum produces tiny galls . The hose fungus Mycosphaerella parnassiae causes orange-red spots. Other fungal parasites are the rust fungus Puccinia caricina var. Uliginosa and the imperfect fungus Septoria parnassiae .

use

The swamp heart leaf is no longer used today, but was previously listed as Herba et Flores Hepaticae albae seu Parnassiae officially as a remedy for palpitations. Attempts were also made to cure eye diseases, liver problems and diarrhea with this plant. The swamp heart leaf was also used as a diuretic and it was introduced in Russia towards the end of the 19th century as a remedy for epilepsy . Boiled in beer, the plant was used as a popular remedy for stomach problems.

supporting documents

Unless specified under individual evidence, the article is based on the following documents:

  • Gu Cuizhi & Ulla-Maj Hultgård: Parnassia in der Flora of China , Volume 8, 2001, p. 379: Parnassia palustris - Online. (Section description, distribution and systematics)
  • Hans. J. Conert et al. a. (Ed.): Gustav Hegi. Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Volume 4 Part 2A: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (2) . Blackwell 1995, pp. 231-235. ISBN 3-8263-3016-1
  • Xaver Finkenzeller: Alpenblumen , Munich 2003, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
  • Dankwart Seidel: Flowers. Determine accurately with the 3-check. 2nd, revised edition. blv, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 2001, ISBN 3-405-15766-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 , p. 425.
  2. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  3. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 493.
  4. ↑ a b Dieter Heß: Alpine flowers - recognition - understanding - protection , Eugen Ulmer publishing house, Stuttgart 2001, pp. 258–260. ISBN 3-8001-3243-5
  5. ↑ Plant portrait in the yearbook of the Bochum Botanical Association, Volume 4, pp. 225–228, 2013
  6. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 347.
  7. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 661.
  8. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 273 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  9. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 452 (reprint ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
  10. ^ Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German Plant Names Vol. 3 Stuttgart: Hirzel 1977. Reprint 2000 ISBN 3-88059-982-3
  11. ↑ Erich Oberdorfer: Plant-sociological excursion flora . 8th edition, Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, p. 495. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  12. ^ RJ Gornall, JE Wentworth: Variation of the chromosome number of Parnassia palustris in the British Isles . In: New Phyotologist , Vol. 123, 1992, pp. 383-388. doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.1993.tb03749.x
  13. ^ JE Wentworth, RJ Gornall: Cytogenetic evidence for autopolyploidy in Parnassia palustris . In: New Phyotologist , Volume 134, 1996, pp. 641-648. doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.1996.tb04929.x
  14. ↑ Hans. J. Conert et al. a. (Ed.): Gustav Hegi. Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Volume 4 Part 2A: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (2) . Blackwell 1995, p. 233. ISBN 3-8263-3016-1
  15. ↑ floraweb.de, accessed on November 10, 2008
  16. ↑ Red List of Endangered Ferns and Flowering Plants in Switzerland 2002. (PDF; 1.13 MB) Retrieved on August 7, 2018 .

Web links

Commons : Sumpf-Herzblatt ( Parnassia palustris )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 9, 2008 .