Heart leaf

This article describes the heart leaf plant . For other meanings, see Herzblatt (disambiguation) .

Heart leaf
Swamp heart leaf ( Parnassia palustris )
Systematics
Rosids Eurosiden I Order : Spindle tree (Celastrales) Family : Spindle trees (Celastraceae) Subfamily : Heart leaf family (Parnassioideae) Genre : Heart leaf
Scientific name
Parnassia
L.

Heart leaf ( Parnassia ) forms a genus of plants in the subfamily of the heart leaf family (Parnassioideae) within the spindle tree family (Celastraceae). The genus Parnassia contains over 70 species that are only native to the northern hemisphere .

description

The morphological characteristics within the genus are very uniform.

Vegetative characteristics

Parnassia species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . All parts of the plant are hairless. Robust, sympodial rhizomes are formed. The foliage leaves, which are arranged in basal rosettes and mostly also distributed on the stem , are usually divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is usually long, only the basal leaves are sometimes more or less sessile. The leaf blade is simple. The stipules are membranous.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are single and terminal on the stems. The hermaphroditic flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold with a double perianth . The flower cup (hypanthium) is free or fused with the ovary. The five free sepals overlap somewhat like a roof tile (imbricat). The five free, also imbricate petals are white to yellowish or rarely greenish with a fringed, gnawed or smooth edge. There are two different stamen circles. The outer one consists of fertile stamens, while the leaves of the inner circle are divided into scales with thready rays with glandular tips (pseudo nectar leaves ). The uni-, Upper permanent to semi Upper constant ovary contains parietal placentation many ovules . Flower visitors rarely show up; most likely hoverflies .

The upright, sometimes angular capsule fruits open at the top with four (very rarely three or five) flaps and contain a large number of seeds. The brown "filet-shaped" (obovate or elongated) seeds are very small with 1 to 2 mm, with a thin, membranous, reticulate or smooth seed coat (testa). There may be little endosperm .

distribution

They have their distribution from the moderate latitudes to the Arctic of the northern hemisphere ( Holarctic ). The diversity center is located in the eastern Himalayas and the mountains of western and southwestern China with 63 species from a total of more than 70, of which 49 occur in China alone. About 60 species occur in the mountain ranges in southwest China. About ten species are native to North America. The type species swamp heart leaf ( Parnassia palustris L. ) is most widespread in Eurasia and North America.

Systematics

The generic name Parnassia was first published by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 273. The type species is Parnassia palustris L.

The scientific name does not seem to have a pre-linear meaning, as this plant must have been unknown to the ancient authors due to its circumpolar distribution. The history of naming was not cleared up by Carl von Linné, but it is based on the Latin Parnassius (Greek Parnasios) "from the mountain Parnassus in Phokis, on whose slope Delphi and the holy spring Kastalia lie". Thus Parnassia probably refers to the location in spring meadows and swamp meadows.

The systematic position of the genus Parnassia has often been discussed. For a long time it formed its own family Parnassiaceae (for example in Gray 1821, Hutchinson 1969, Dahlgren 1980, Takhtajan 1969, 1997). For a long time it formed a subfamily Parnassioideae in the family of Saxifragaceae (for example in Engler 1930, Thorne 1976, Dahlgren 1980, Cronquist 1981, Ku 1987, 1995, Gu & Hultgård 2001). It was incorporated into the subfamily Parnassioideae in the family of Droseraceae (for example in Pace 1912, Schoennagel 1931) and was thus close to the Hypericaceae (Arber 1913, Jay 1971). It was also assigned to the Crassulaceae family (Bensel and Palser 1975). Molecular genetic studies first showed that they form a family Parnassiaceae together with the monotypic genus Lepuropetalon Elliott (Chase et al. 1993, Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) 1998, Soltis et al. 2000, APG II 2003, Wu et al. 2003). Most recently, the two genera were incorporated into the Celastraceae family (see AGP III) as the subfamily Parnassioideae .

The genus Parnassia was divided into two sections by Franchet in 1897, then into four by Drude in 1875, and into five by Engler in 1930 and Handel-Mazzett in 1941. Phillips set up the new Longiloba section in 1982 . At Ku 1987 the genre was divided into nine sections and this was taken over by Gu & Hultgård 2001. In Wu et al. In 2003 Nectaroquinquelobos was considered a synonym of the Allolobos section and Franchets Xiphosandra section was reactivated.

The genus Parnassia is divided into ten sections according to Ding Wu, Hong Wang, De-Zhu Li & Stephen Blackmore 2005 (here each with a selection of species):

• Section Allolobos T.C.Ku :
  • Parnassia monochoriifolia Franch. : It occurs in northeastern Yunnan.
  • Parnassia wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
• Section Cladoparnassia
  • Parnassia faberi olive. : It occurs in Sichuan and Yunnan.

Section Fimbripetalum : Five-fold flower with fringed petals of Parnassia fimbriata

• Section Fimbripetalum :
  • Parnassia amoena Diels : It occurs in southeast Sichuan.
  • Parnassia fimbriata K.D. Koenig : It is found in Alaska, Canada, and the northwestern United States.
  • Parnassia foliosa hook. f. & Thoms. : It occurs in northern India, Japan and China.
  • Parnassia noemiae Franch. : It occurs in Sichuan.
• Section Nectarobilobos T.C.Ku :
  • Parnassia bifolia Nekrass. : It occurs in Russia and in Xinjiang at altitudes between 2200 and 2800 meters.
• Section Nectaroquinquelobos T.C.Ku :
  • Parnassia perciliata Diels : It occurs in southeast Sichuan.
• Section Nectarotrilobos T.C.Ku :
  • Parnassia brevistyla (Brieg.) Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in China at altitudes between 2800 and 4400 meters.
  • Parnassia cacuminum Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in southern Qinghai and western Sichuan at altitudes between 3400 and 4300 meters.
  • Parnassia chinensis Franch. : It occurs in Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, in northern Myanmar and in China at altitudes between 3600 and 4200 meters.
  • Parnassia crassifolia Franch. : It occurs in western Sichuan and northern Yunnan at altitudes between 2500 and 3300 meters.
  • Parnassia delavayi Franch. : It occurs in China and Bhutan.
  • Parnassia epunctulata J.T.Pan : It occurs in northwestern Yunna at altitudes between 3400 and 38oo meters.
  • Parnassia laxmanni Pall. : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Siberia, Mongolia and Xinjiang.
  • Parnassia leptophylla Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in southern and western Sichuan at altitudes between 200 and 3600 meters.
  • Parnassia lutea Batal. : It occurs in northeastern Qinghai at altitudes between 3500 and 4100 meters.
  • Parnassia mysorensis Heyne ex Wight & Arn. : It occurs in northern India, in Sikkim and in China at altitudes between 2500 and 3600 meters.
  • Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle : It occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Yunnan and Xizang. In China it thrives in two varieties at altitudes between 2700 and 3900 meters.
  • Parnassia oreophila Hance : It occurs in China at altitudes between 1600 and 3000 meters.
  • Parnassia pusilla Wall. ex Arn. : It occurs in northern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and southern Xizang.
  • Parnassia submysorensis J.T.Pan : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3400 and 3600 meters.
• Section Odontohymes T.C.Ku :
  • Parnassia farreri W.E. Evans : It occurs in Myanmar and northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3000 and 3400 meters.
• Parnassia Section :
  • Parnassia glauca Raf. : It occurs in Canada and the United States.
  • Swamp heart leaf ( Parnassia palustris L. , Syn .: Parnassia parviflora DC. , Parnassia californica (A. Gray) Greene )
• Section Saxifragastrum T.C.Ku :
  • Parnassia longipetala Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in four varieties in the southeastern Xizang and in the northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 2400 and 3900 meters.
  • Parnassia tenella Hook. f. & Thoms. : It occurs in Nepal, Sikkim and China at altitudes between 2800 and 3400 meters.
  • Parnassia yunnanensis Franch. : It thrives in forests, swampy meadows, grassy slopes and river banks at altitudes between 3300 and 4300 meters in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan .
• Section Xiphosandra Franch.

Five-fold flowers of Parnassia californica

• Without assignment to a section (here is a selection of other types):
  • Parnassia alpicola Makino : It occurs on the Japanese island of Honshu .
  • Parnassia angustipetala T.C.Ku : It is endemic to forest edges and on alpine meadows at altitudes of around 2900 meters in southwest Sichuan (Muli Zang Zu Zizhixian).
  • Parnassia asarifolia Vent. : It occurs in the southern and southeastern United States.
  • Parnassia cabulica planch. ex Clarke
  • Parnassia caroliniana Michx. : It occurs in Florida and in North Carolina and South Carolina .
  • Parnassia chengkouensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in northeast Sichuan.
  • Parnassia cirrata Piper : It occurs in British Columbia , Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, California and the Mexican state of Durango .
  • Parnassia cooperi W.E. Evans : It occurs in Bhutan, Sikkim and in southeastern Xizang .
  • Parnassia cordata (Drude) ZP Jien ex TC Ku : It occurs in India and in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3200 and 4100 meters.
  • Parnassia davidii Franch. : It occurs in two varieties in Sichuan.
  • Parnassia degeensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in northwest Sichuan.
  • Parnassia deqenensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in southeastern Xizang and northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 2900 and 4200 meters.
  • Parnassia dilatata Handel-Mazzetti : It occurs in southwest Guizhou .
  • Parnassia esquirolii H. Léveillé : It occurs in Guizhou.
  • Parnassia filchneri Ulbrich : It occurs in Qinghai.
  • Parnassia gansuensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in southern Gansu .
  • Parnassia grandifolia DC. : It occurs in the United States.
  • Parnassia guilinensis G.Z. Li & SC Tang : It occurs in northeastern Guangxi .
  • Parnassia humilis T.C. Ku : It occurs in Xizang at altitudes around 5000 meters.
  • Parnassia kangdingensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in western Sichuan.
  • Parnassia kotzebuei Cham. ex explos. : It occurs in Alaska, Greenland, Canada, and the United States.
  • Parnassia labiata Z. P. Jien : It occurs in western Sichuan.
  • Parnassia lanceolata T.C. Ku : It occurs in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3600 and 3900 meters.
  • Parnassia lijiangensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan.
  • Parnassia longipetaloides J.T. Pan : It is endemic to alpine mats at altitudes between 3600 and 4100 meters in northwestern Yunnan (Eryuan Xian and Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian).
  • Parnassia longshengensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in northeastern Guangxi.
  • Parnassia obovata Handel-Mazzetti : It occurs in Guizhou .
  • Parnassia omeiensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in Sichuan.
  • Parnassia petitmenginii H. Léveillé : It occurs in Guizhou .
  • Parnassia qinghaiensis J.T. Pan : It occurs in southern Qinghai at an altitude of 4200 meters.
  • Parnassia rhombipetala B.L. Chai : It occurs in southern Sichuan.
  • Parnassia scaposa Mattfeld : It occurs in China at altitudes between 3700 and 4500 meters.
  • Parnassia simaoensis Y. Y. Qian : It occurs in southern Yunnan.
  • Parnassia subscaposa C.Y. Wu ex TC Ku : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan at an altitude of 4200 meters.
  • Parnassia tibetana Z.P. Jien ex TC Ku : It occurs in southern Xizang at altitudes around 3700 meters.
  • Parnassia trinervis Drude : It occurs in China at altitudes between 3100 and 4500 meters.
  • Parnassia venusta Z.P. Jien : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3600 and 4000 meters.
  • Parnassia viridiflora Batalin : It occurs in China at altitudes between 3600 and 4100 meters.
  • Parnassia wightiana Wallich ex Wight & Arnott : It occurs in northern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, northern Thailand and China.
  • Parnassia xinganensis C.Z. Gao & GZ Li : It occurs in Guangxi.
  • Parnassia yanyuanensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in southwest Sichuan at altitudes around 4000 meters.
  • Parnassia yiliangensis T.C. Ku : It occurs in northeastern Yunnan.
  • Parnassia yui Z.P. Jien : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes around 3000 meters.
  • Parnassia yulongshanensis T.C. Ku : It is endemic to alpine mats at altitudes between 4100 and 5300 meters in northwestern Yunnan (Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian).

use

Some species of Parnassia , such as Parnassia wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. , Parnassia delavayi Franch. and Parnassia foliosa Hook. f. & Thoms. were used medicinally. Nothing is known about any further use by humans.

literature

• Gu Cuizhi (谷 粹 芝 Ku Tsue-chih) & Ulla-Maj Hultgård: Parnassia in the Flora of China . Volume 8, 2001, p. 358: Online. (Section description, distribution and systematics)
• Ding Wu, Hong Wang, De-Zhu Li & Stephen Blackmore: Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. (Parnassiaceae) and Its Systematic Implications . In: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology , formerly Acta Botanica Sinica . Volume 47, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 2–12 ( doi: 10.1111 / j.1744-7909.2005.00008.x ): Section description, distribution, use and systematics

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Liv Borgen & Ulla-Maj Hultgård: Parnassia palustris: a genetically diverse species in Scandinavia . In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 142, Issue 4, 2003, pp. 347-372. doi : 10.1046 / j.1095-8339.2003.00186.x
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Ding Wu, Hong Wang, De-Zhu Li & Stephen Blackmore: Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. (Parnassiaceae) and Its Systematic Implications . In: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology . Volume 47, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 2-12.
3. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 273 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org.
4. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 (reprint ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg} Gu Cuizhi (Ku Tsue-chih); Ulla-Maj Hultgård: Parnassia Linnaeus. , Pp. 36-38 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Saxifragaceae.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Parnassia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Peter W. Ball: Parnassia Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America, vol. 12. [1] .

Web links

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